Initial vendor packages

Signed-off-by: Valentin Popov <valentin@popov.link>

1 files changed, 2226 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/vendor/exr/src/meta/attribute.rs b/vendor/exr/src/meta/attribute.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b71e82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/exr/src/meta/attribute.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2226 @@
+
+//! Contains all meta data attributes.
+//! Each layer can have any number of [`Attribute`]s, including custom attributes.
+
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
+
+
+/// Contains one of all possible attributes.
+/// Includes a variant for custom attributes.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum AttributeValue {
+
+    /// Channel meta data.
+    ChannelList(ChannelList),
+
+    /// Color space definition.
+    Chromaticities(Chromaticities),
+
+    /// Compression method of this layer.
+    Compression(Compression),
+
+    /// This image is an environment map.
+    EnvironmentMap(EnvironmentMap),
+
+    /// Film roll information.
+    KeyCode(KeyCode),
+
+    /// Order of the bocks in the file.
+    LineOrder(LineOrder),
+
+    /// A 3x3 matrix of floats.
+    Matrix3x3(Matrix3x3),
+
+    /// A 4x4 matrix of floats.
+    Matrix4x4(Matrix4x4),
+
+    /// 8-bit rgba Preview of the image.
+    Preview(Preview),
+
+    /// An integer dividend and divisor.
+    Rational(Rational),
+
+    /// Deep or flat and tiled or scan line.
+    BlockType(BlockType),
+
+    /// List of texts.
+    TextVector(Vec<Text>),
+
+    /// How to tile up the image.
+    TileDescription(TileDescription),
+
+    /// Timepoint and more.
+    TimeCode(TimeCode),
+
+    /// A string of byte-chars.
+    Text(Text),
+
+    /// 64-bit float
+    F64(f64),
+
+    /// 32-bit float
+    F32(f32),
+
+    /// 32-bit signed integer
+    I32(i32),
+
+    /// 2D integer rectangle.
+    IntegerBounds(IntegerBounds),
+
+    /// 2D float rectangle.
+    FloatRect(FloatRect),
+
+    /// 2D integer vector.
+    IntVec2(Vec2<i32>),
+
+    /// 2D float vector.
+    FloatVec2(Vec2<f32>),
+
+    /// 3D integer vector.
+    IntVec3((i32, i32, i32)),
+
+    /// 3D float vector.
+    FloatVec3((f32, f32, f32)),
+
+    /// A custom attribute.
+    /// Contains the type name of this value.
+    Custom {
+
+        /// The name of the type this attribute is an instance of.
+        kind: Text,
+
+        /// The value, stored in little-endian byte order, of the value.
+        /// Use the `exr::io::Data` trait to extract binary values from this vector.
+        bytes: Vec<u8>
+    },
+}
+
+/// A byte array with each byte being a char.
+/// This is not UTF an must be constructed from a standard string.
+// TODO is this ascii? use a rust ascii crate?
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Default)] // hash implemented manually
+pub struct Text {
+    bytes: TextBytes,
+}
+
+/// Contains time information for this frame within a sequence.
+/// Also defined methods to compile this information into a
+/// `TV60`, `TV50` or `Film24` bit sequence, packed into `u32`.
+///
+/// Satisfies the [SMPTE standard 12M-1999](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMPTE_timecode).
+/// For more in-depth information, see [philrees.co.uk/timecode](http://www.philrees.co.uk/articles/timecode.htm).
+#[derive(Copy, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Default)]
+pub struct TimeCode {
+
+    /// Hours 0 - 23 are valid.
+    pub hours: u8,
+
+    /// Minutes 0 - 59 are valid.
+    pub minutes: u8,
+
+    /// Seconds 0 - 59 are valid.
+    pub seconds: u8,
+
+    /// Frame Indices 0 - 29 are valid.
+    pub frame: u8,
+
+    /// Whether this is a drop frame.
+    pub drop_frame: bool,
+
+    /// Whether this is a color frame.
+    pub color_frame: bool,
+
+    /// Field Phase.
+    pub field_phase: bool,
+
+    /// Flags for `TimeCode.binary_groups`.
+    pub binary_group_flags: [bool; 3],
+
+    /// The user-defined control codes.
+    /// Every entry in this array can use at most 3 bits.
+    /// This results in a maximum value of 15, including 0, for each `u8`.
+    pub binary_groups: [u8; 8]
+}
+
+/// layer type, specifies block type and deepness.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum BlockType {
+
+    /// Corresponds to the string value `scanlineimage`.
+    ScanLine,
+
+    /// Corresponds to the string value `tiledimage`.
+    Tile,
+
+    /// Corresponds to the string value `deepscanline`.
+    DeepScanLine,
+
+    /// Corresponds to the string value `deeptile`.
+    DeepTile,
+}
+
+/// The string literals used to represent a `BlockType` in a file.
+pub mod block_type_strings {
+
+    /// Type attribute text value of flat scan lines
+    pub const SCAN_LINE: &'static [u8] = b"scanlineimage";
+
+    /// Type attribute text value of flat tiles
+    pub const TILE: &'static [u8] = b"tiledimage";
+
+    /// Type attribute text value of deep scan lines
+    pub const DEEP_SCAN_LINE: &'static [u8] = b"deepscanline";
+
+    /// Type attribute text value of deep tiles
+    pub const DEEP_TILE: &'static [u8] = b"deeptile";
+}
+
+
+pub use crate::compression::Compression;
+
+/// The integer rectangle describing where an layer is placed on the infinite 2D global space.
+pub type DataWindow = IntegerBounds;
+
+/// The integer rectangle limiting which part of the infinite 2D global space should be displayed.
+pub type DisplayWindow = IntegerBounds;
+
+/// An integer dividend and divisor, together forming a ratio.
+pub type Rational = (i32, u32);
+
+/// A float matrix with four rows and four columns.
+pub type Matrix4x4 = [f32; 4*4];
+
+/// A float matrix with three rows and three columns.
+pub type Matrix3x3 = [f32; 3*3];
+
+/// A rectangular section anywhere in 2D integer space.
+/// Valid from minimum coordinate (including) `-1,073,741,822`
+/// to maximum coordinate (including) `1,073,741,822`, the value of (`i32::MAX/2 -1`).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Default, Hash)]
+pub struct IntegerBounds {
+
+    /// The top left corner of this rectangle.
+    /// The `Box2I32` includes this pixel if the size is not zero.
+    pub position: Vec2<i32>,
+
+    /// How many pixels to include in this `Box2I32`.
+    /// Extends to the right and downwards.
+    /// Does not include the actual boundary, just like `Vec::len()`.
+    pub size: Vec2<usize>,
+}
+
+/// A rectangular section anywhere in 2D float space.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct FloatRect {
+
+    /// The top left corner location of the rectangle (inclusive)
+    pub min: Vec2<f32>,
+
+    /// The bottom right corner location of the rectangle (inclusive)
+    pub max: Vec2<f32>
+}
+
+/// A List of channels. Channels must be sorted alphabetically.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct ChannelList {
+
+    /// The channels in this list.
+    pub list: SmallVec<[ChannelDescription; 5]>,
+
+    /// The number of bytes that one pixel in this image needs.
+    // FIXME this needs to account for subsampling anywhere?
+    pub bytes_per_pixel: usize, // FIXME only makes sense for flat images!
+
+    /// The sample type of all channels, if all channels have the same type.
+    pub uniform_sample_type: Option<SampleType>,
+}
+
+/// A single channel in an layer.
+/// Does not contain the actual pixel data,
+/// but instead merely describes it.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct ChannelDescription {
+
+    /// One of "R", "G", or "B" most of the time.
+    pub name: Text,
+
+    /// U32, F16 or F32.
+    pub sample_type: SampleType,
+
+    /// This attribute only tells lossy compression methods
+    /// whether this value should be quantized exponentially or linearly.
+    ///
+    /// Should be `false` for red, green, or blue channels.
+    /// Should be `true` for hue, chroma, saturation, or alpha channels.
+    pub quantize_linearly: bool,
+
+    /// How many of the samples are skipped compared to the other channels in this layer.
+    ///
+    /// Can be used for chroma subsampling for manual lossy data compression.
+    /// Values other than 1 are allowed only in flat, scan-line based images.
+    /// If an image is deep or tiled, x and y sampling rates for all of its channels must be 1.
+    pub sampling: Vec2<usize>,
+}
+
+/// The type of samples in this channel.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Copy, Hash)]
+pub enum SampleType {
+
+    /// This channel contains 32-bit unsigned int values.
+    U32,
+
+    /// This channel contains 16-bit float values.
+    F16,
+
+    /// This channel contains 32-bit float values.
+    F32,
+}
+
+/// The color space of the pixels.
+///
+/// If a file doesn't have a chromaticities attribute, display software
+/// should assume that the file's primaries and the white point match `Rec. ITU-R BT.709-3`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Chromaticities {
+
+    /// "Red" location on the CIE XY chromaticity diagram.
+    pub red: Vec2<f32>,
+
+    /// "Green" location on the CIE XY chromaticity diagram.
+    pub green: Vec2<f32>,
+
+    /// "Blue" location on the CIE XY chromaticity diagram.
+    pub blue: Vec2<f32>,
+
+    /// "White" location on the CIE XY chromaticity diagram.
+    pub white: Vec2<f32>
+}
+
+/// If this attribute is present, it describes
+/// how this texture should be projected onto an environment.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum EnvironmentMap {
+
+    /// This image is an environment map projected like a world map.
+    LatitudeLongitude,
+
+    /// This image contains the six sides of a cube.
+    Cube,
+}
+
+/// Uniquely identifies a motion picture film frame.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct KeyCode {
+
+    /// Identifies a film manufacturer.
+    pub film_manufacturer_code: i32,
+
+    /// Identifies a film type.
+    pub film_type: i32,
+
+    /// Specifies the film roll prefix.
+    pub film_roll_prefix: i32,
+
+    /// Specifies the film count.
+    pub count: i32,
+
+    /// Specifies the perforation offset.
+    pub perforation_offset: i32,
+
+    /// Specifies the perforation count of each single frame.
+    pub perforations_per_frame: i32,
+
+    /// Specifies the perforation count of each single film.
+    pub perforations_per_count: i32,
+}
+
+/// In what order the `Block`s of pixel data appear in a file.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum LineOrder {
+
+    /// The blocks in the file are ordered in descending rows from left to right.
+    /// When compressing in parallel, this option requires potentially large amounts of memory.
+    /// In that case, use `LineOrder::Unspecified` for best performance.
+    Increasing,
+
+    /// The blocks in the file are ordered in ascending rows from right to left.
+    /// When compressing in parallel, this option requires potentially large amounts of memory.
+    /// In that case, use `LineOrder::Unspecified` for best performance.
+    Decreasing,
+
+    /// The blocks are not ordered in a specific way inside the file.
+    /// In multi-core file writing, this option offers the best performance.
+    Unspecified,
+}
+
+/// A small `rgba` image of `i8` values that approximates the real exr image.
+// TODO is this linear?
+#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Preview {
+
+    /// The dimensions of the preview image.
+    pub size: Vec2<usize>,
+
+    /// An array with a length of 4 × width × height.
+    /// The pixels are stored in `LineOrder::Increasing`.
+    /// Each pixel consists of the four `u8` values red, green, blue, alpha.
+    pub pixel_data: Vec<i8>,
+}
+
+/// Describes how the layer is divided into tiles.
+/// Specifies the size of each tile in the image
+/// and whether this image contains multiple resolution levels.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct TileDescription {
+
+    /// The size of each tile.
+    /// Stays the same number of pixels across all levels.
+    pub tile_size: Vec2<usize>,
+
+    /// Whether to also store smaller versions of the image.
+    pub level_mode: LevelMode,
+
+    /// Whether to round up or down when calculating Mip/Rip levels.
+    pub rounding_mode: RoundingMode,
+}
+
+/// Whether to also store increasingly smaller versions of the original image.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum LevelMode {
+
+    /// Only a single level.
+    Singular,
+
+    /// Levels with a similar aspect ratio.
+    MipMap,
+
+    /// Levels with all possible aspect ratios.
+    RipMap,
+}
+
+
+/// The raw bytes that make up a string in an exr file.
+/// Each `u8` is a single char.
+// will mostly be "R", "G", "B" or "deepscanlineimage"
+pub type TextBytes = SmallVec<[u8; 24]>;
+
+/// A byte slice, interpreted as text
+pub type TextSlice = [u8];
+
+
+use crate::io::*;
+use crate::meta::{sequence_end};
+use crate::error::*;
+use crate::math::{RoundingMode, Vec2};
+use half::f16;
+use std::convert::{TryFrom};
+use std::borrow::Borrow;
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use bit_field::BitField;
+
+
+fn invalid_type() -> Error {
+    Error::invalid("attribute type mismatch")
+}
+
+
+impl Text {
+
+    /// Create a `Text` from an `str` reference.
+    /// Returns `None` if this string contains unsupported chars.
+    pub fn new_or_none(string: impl AsRef<str>) -> Option<Self> {
+        let vec : Option<TextBytes> = string.as_ref().chars()
+            .map(|character| u8::try_from(character as u64).ok())
+            .collect();
+
+        vec.map(Self::from_bytes_unchecked)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a `Text` from an `str` reference.
+    /// Panics if this string contains unsupported chars.
+    pub fn new_or_panic(string: impl AsRef<str>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_or_none(string).expect("exr::Text contains unsupported characters")
+    }
+
+    /// Create a `Text` from a slice of bytes,
+    /// without checking any of the bytes.
+    pub fn from_slice_unchecked(text: &TextSlice) -> Self {
+        Self::from_bytes_unchecked(SmallVec::from_slice(text))
+    }
+
+    /// Create a `Text` from the specified bytes object,
+    /// without checking any of the bytes.
+    pub fn from_bytes_unchecked(bytes: TextBytes) -> Self {
+        Text { bytes }
+    }
+
+    /// The internal ASCII bytes this text is made of.
+    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &TextSlice {
+        self.bytes.as_slice()
+    }
+
+    /// Check whether this string is valid, adjusting `long_names` if required.
+    /// If `long_names` is not provided, text length will be entirely unchecked.
+    pub fn validate(&self, null_terminated: bool, long_names: Option<&mut bool>) -> UnitResult {
+        Self::validate_bytes(self.as_slice(), null_terminated, long_names)
+    }
+
+    /// Check whether some bytes are valid, adjusting `long_names` if required.
+    /// If `long_names` is not provided, text length will be entirely unchecked.
+    pub fn validate_bytes(text: &TextSlice, null_terminated: bool, long_names: Option<&mut bool>) -> UnitResult {
+        if null_terminated && text.is_empty() {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("text must not be empty"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(long) = long_names {
+            if text.len() >= 256 { return Err(Error::invalid("text must not be longer than 255")); }
+            if text.len() >= 32 { *long = true; }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// The byte count this string would occupy if it were encoded as a null-terminated string.
+    pub fn null_terminated_byte_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.bytes.len() + sequence_end::byte_size()
+    }
+
+    /// The byte count this string would occupy if it were encoded as a size-prefixed string.
+    pub fn i32_sized_byte_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.bytes.len() + i32::BYTE_SIZE
+    }
+
+    /// Write the length of a string and then the contents with that length.
+    pub fn write_i32_sized<W: Write>(&self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        debug_assert!(self.validate( false, None).is_ok(), "text size bug");
+        i32::write(usize_to_i32(self.bytes.len()), write)?;
+        Self::write_unsized_bytes(self.bytes.as_slice(), write)
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    fn write_unsized_bytes<W: Write>(bytes: &[u8], write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        u8::write_slice(write, bytes)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the length of a string and then the contents with that length.
+    pub fn read_i32_sized<R: Read>(read: &mut R, max_size: usize) -> Result<Self> {
+        let size = i32_to_usize(i32::read(read)?, "vector size")?;
+        Ok(Text::from_bytes_unchecked(SmallVec::from_vec(u8::read_vec(read, size, 1024, Some(max_size), "text attribute length")?)))
+    }
+
+    /// Read the contents with that length.
+    pub fn read_sized<R: Read>(read: &mut R, size: usize) -> Result<Self> {
+        const SMALL_SIZE: usize  = 24;
+
+        // for small strings, read into small vec without heap allocation
+        if size <= SMALL_SIZE {
+            let mut buffer = [0_u8; SMALL_SIZE];
+            let data = &mut buffer[..size];
+
+            read.read_exact(data)?;
+            Ok(Text::from_bytes_unchecked(SmallVec::from_slice(data)))
+        }
+
+        // for large strings, read a dynamic vec of arbitrary size
+        else {
+            Ok(Text::from_bytes_unchecked(SmallVec::from_vec(u8::read_vec(read, size, 1024, None, "text attribute length")?)))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Write the string contents and a null-terminator.
+    pub fn write_null_terminated<W: Write>(&self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        Self::write_null_terminated_bytes(self.as_slice(), write)
+    }
+
+    /// Write the string contents and a null-terminator.
+    fn write_null_terminated_bytes<W: Write>(bytes: &[u8], write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        debug_assert!(!bytes.is_empty(), "text is empty bug"); // required to avoid mixup with "sequece_end"
+
+        Text::write_unsized_bytes(bytes, write)?;
+        sequence_end::write(write)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read a string until the null-terminator is found. Then skips the null-terminator.
+    pub fn read_null_terminated<R: Read>(read: &mut R, max_len: usize) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut bytes = smallvec![ u8::read(read)? ]; // null-terminated strings are always at least 1 byte
+
+        loop {
+            match u8::read(read)? {
+                0 => break,
+                non_terminator => bytes.push(non_terminator),
+            }
+
+            if bytes.len() > max_len {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("text too long"))
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Text { bytes })
+    }
+
+    /// Allows any text length since it is only used for attribute values,
+    /// but not attribute names, attribute type names, or channel names.
+    fn read_vec_of_i32_sized(
+        read: &mut PeekRead<impl Read>,
+        total_byte_size: usize
+    ) -> Result<Vec<Text>>
+    {
+        let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(2);
+
+        // length of the text-vector can be inferred from attribute size
+        let mut processed_bytes = 0;
+
+        while processed_bytes < total_byte_size {
+            let text = Text::read_i32_sized(read, total_byte_size)?;
+            processed_bytes += ::std::mem::size_of::<i32>(); // size i32 of the text
+            processed_bytes += text.bytes.len();
+            result.push(text);
+        }
+
+        // the expected byte size did not match the actual text byte size
+        if processed_bytes != total_byte_size {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("text array byte size"))
+        }
+
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    /// Allows any text length since it is only used for attribute values,
+    /// but not attribute names, attribute type names, or channel names.
+    fn write_vec_of_i32_sized_texts<W: Write>(write: &mut W, texts: &[Text]) -> UnitResult {
+        // length of the text-vector can be inferred from attribute size
+        for text in texts {
+            text.write_i32_sized(write)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// The underlying bytes that represent this text.
+    pub fn bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.bytes.as_slice()
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate over the individual chars in this text, similar to `String::chars()`.
+    /// Does not do any heap-allocation but borrows from this instance instead.
+    pub fn chars(&self) -> impl '_ + Iterator<Item = char> {
+        self.bytes.iter().map(|&byte| byte as char)
+    }
+
+    /// Compare this `exr::Text` with a plain `&str`.
+    pub fn eq(&self, string: &str) -> bool {
+        string.chars().eq(self.chars())
+    }
+
+    /// Compare this `exr::Text` with a plain `&str` ignoring capitalization.
+    pub fn eq_case_insensitive(&self, string: &str) -> bool {
+        // this is technically not working for a "turkish i", but those cannot be encoded in exr files anyways
+        let self_chars = self.chars().map(|char| char.to_ascii_lowercase());
+        let string_chars = string.chars().flat_map(|ch| ch.to_lowercase());
+
+        string_chars.eq(self_chars)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<str> for Text {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
+        self.eq(other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<Text> for str {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Text) -> bool {
+        other.eq(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for Text {}
+
+impl Borrow<TextSlice> for Text {
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &TextSlice {
+        self.as_slice()
+    }
+}
+
+// forwarding implementation. guarantees `text.borrow().hash() == text.hash()` (required for Borrow)
+impl Hash for Text {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.bytes.hash(state)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<String> for Text {
+    fn into(self) -> String {
+        self.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'s> From<&'s str> for Text {
+
+    /// Panics if the string contains an unsupported character
+    fn from(str: &'s str) -> Self {
+        Self::new_or_panic(str)
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* TODO (currently conflicts with From<&str>)
+impl<'s> TryFrom<&'s str> for Text {
+    type Error = String;
+
+    fn try_from(value: &'s str) -> std::result::Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Text::new_or_none(value)
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!(
+                "exr::Text does not support all characters in the string `{}`",
+                value
+            ))
+    }
+}*/
+
+
+impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Text {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "exr::Text(\"{}\")", self)
+    }
+}
+
+// automatically implements to_string for us
+impl ::std::fmt::Display for Text {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+        use std::fmt::Write;
+
+        for &byte in self.bytes.iter() {
+            f.write_char(byte as char)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+
+impl ChannelList {
+
+    /// Does not validate channel order.
+    pub fn new(channels: SmallVec<[ChannelDescription; 5]>) -> Self {
+        let uniform_sample_type = {
+            if let Some(first) = channels.first() {
+                let has_uniform_types = channels.iter().skip(1)
+                    .all(|chan| chan.sample_type == first.sample_type);
+
+                if has_uniform_types { Some(first.sample_type) } else { None }
+            }
+            else { None }
+        };
+
+        ChannelList {
+            bytes_per_pixel: channels.iter().map(|channel| channel.sample_type.bytes_per_sample()).sum(),
+            list: channels, uniform_sample_type,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate over the channels, and adds to each channel the byte offset of the channels sample type.
+    /// Assumes the internal channel list is properly sorted.
+    pub fn channels_with_byte_offset(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item=(usize, &ChannelDescription)> {
+        self.list.iter().scan(0, |byte_position, channel|{
+            let previous_position = *byte_position;
+            *byte_position += channel.sample_type.bytes_per_sample();
+            Some((previous_position, channel))
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Return the index of the channel with the exact name, case sensitive, or none.
+    /// Potentially uses less than linear time.
+    pub fn find_index_of_channel(&self, exact_name: &Text) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.list.binary_search_by_key(&exact_name.bytes(), |chan| chan.name.bytes()).ok()
+    }
+
+    // TODO use this in compression methods
+    /*pub fn pixel_section_indices(&self, bounds: IntegerBounds) -> impl '_ + Iterator<Item=(&Channel, usize, usize)> {
+        (bounds.position.y() .. bounds.end().y()).flat_map(|y| {
+            self.list
+                .filter(|channel| mod_p(y, usize_to_i32(channel.sampling.1)) == 0)
+                .flat_map(|channel|{
+                    (bounds.position.x() .. bounds.end().x())
+                        .filter(|x| mod_p(*x, usize_to_i32(channel.sampling.0)) == 0)
+                        .map(|x| (channel, x, y))
+                })
+        })
+    }*/
+}
+
+impl BlockType {
+
+    /// The corresponding attribute type name literal
+    const TYPE_NAME: &'static [u8] = type_names::TEXT;
+
+    /// Return a `BlockType` object from the specified attribute text value.
+    pub fn parse(text: Text) -> Result<Self> {
+        match text.as_slice() {
+            block_type_strings::SCAN_LINE => Ok(BlockType::ScanLine),
+            block_type_strings::TILE => Ok(BlockType::Tile),
+
+            block_type_strings::DEEP_SCAN_LINE => Ok(BlockType::DeepScanLine),
+            block_type_strings::DEEP_TILE => Ok(BlockType::DeepTile),
+
+            _ => Err(Error::invalid("block type attribute value")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write(&self, write: &mut impl Write) -> UnitResult {
+        u8::write_slice(write, self.to_text_bytes())?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the raw attribute text value this type is represented by in a file.
+    pub fn to_text_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        match self {
+            BlockType::ScanLine => block_type_strings::SCAN_LINE,
+            BlockType::Tile => block_type_strings::TILE,
+            BlockType::DeepScanLine => block_type_strings::DEEP_SCAN_LINE,
+            BlockType::DeepTile => block_type_strings::DEEP_TILE,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.to_text_bytes().len()
+    }
+}
+
+
+impl IntegerBounds {
+
+    /// Create a box with no size located at (0,0).
+    pub fn zero() -> Self {
+        Self::from_dimensions(Vec2(0, 0))
+    }
+
+    /// Create a box with a size starting at zero.
+    pub fn from_dimensions(size: impl Into<Vec2<usize>>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(Vec2(0,0), size)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a box with a size and an origin point.
+    pub fn new(start: impl Into<Vec2<i32>>, size: impl Into<Vec2<usize>>) -> Self {
+        Self { position: start.into(), size: size.into() }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the top-right coordinate of the rectangle.
+    /// The row and column described by this vector are not included in the rectangle,
+    /// just like `Vec::len()`.
+    pub fn end(self) -> Vec2<i32> {
+        self.position + self.size.to_i32() // larger than max int32 is panic
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the maximum coordinate that a value in this rectangle may have.
+    pub fn max(self) -> Vec2<i32> {
+        self.end() - Vec2(1,1)
+    }
+
+    /// Validate this instance.
+    pub fn validate(&self, max_size: Option<Vec2<usize>>) -> UnitResult {
+        if let Some(max_size) = max_size {
+            if self.size.width() > max_size.width() || self.size.height() > max_size.height()  {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("window attribute dimension value"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let min_i64 = Vec2(self.position.x() as i64, self.position.y() as i64);
+
+        let max_i64 = Vec2(
+            self.position.x() as i64 + self.size.width() as i64,
+            self.position.y() as i64 + self.size.height() as i64,
+        );
+
+        Self::validate_min_max_u64(min_i64, max_i64)
+    }
+
+    fn validate_min_max_u64(min: Vec2<i64>, max: Vec2<i64>) -> UnitResult {
+        let max_box_size_as_i64 = (i32::MAX / 2) as i64; // as defined in the original c++ library
+
+        if     max.x() >=  max_box_size_as_i64
+            || max.y() >=  max_box_size_as_i64
+            || min.x() <= -max_box_size_as_i64
+            || min.y() <= -max_box_size_as_i64
+        {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("window size exceeding integer maximum"));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size() -> usize {
+        4 * i32::BYTE_SIZE
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        let Vec2(x_min, y_min) = self.position;
+        let Vec2(x_max, y_max) = self.max();
+
+        x_min.write(write)?;
+        y_min.write(write)?;
+        x_max.write(write)?;
+        y_max.write(write)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(read: &mut R) -> Result<Self> {
+        let x_min = i32::read(read)?;
+        let y_min = i32::read(read)?;
+        let x_max = i32::read(read)?;
+        let y_max = i32::read(read)?;
+
+        let min = Vec2(x_min.min(x_max), y_min.min(y_max));
+        let max  = Vec2(x_min.max(x_max), y_min.max(y_max));
+
+        // prevent addition overflow
+        Self::validate_min_max_u64(
+            Vec2(min.x() as i64, min.y() as i64),
+            Vec2(max.x() as i64, max.y() as i64),
+        )?;
+
+        // add one to max because the max inclusive, but the size is not
+        let size = Vec2(max.x() + 1 - min.x(), max.y() + 1 - min.y());
+        let size = size.to_usize("box coordinates")?;
+
+        Ok(IntegerBounds { position: min, size })
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new rectangle which is offset by the specified origin.
+    pub fn with_origin(self, origin: Vec2<i32>) -> Self { // TODO rename to "move" or "translate"?
+        IntegerBounds { position: self.position + origin, .. self }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether the specified rectangle is equal to or inside this rectangle.
+    pub fn contains(self, subset: Self) -> bool {
+           subset.position.x() >= self.position.x()
+        && subset.position.y() >= self.position.y()
+        && subset.end().x() <= self.end().x()
+        && subset.end().y() <= self.end().y()
+    }
+}
+
+
+impl FloatRect {
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size() -> usize {
+        4 * f32::BYTE_SIZE
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        self.min.x().write(write)?;
+        self.min.y().write(write)?;
+        self.max.x().write(write)?;
+        self.max.y().write(write)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(read: &mut R) -> Result<Self> {
+        let x_min = f32::read(read)?;
+        let y_min = f32::read(read)?;
+        let x_max = f32::read(read)?;
+        let y_max = f32::read(read)?;
+
+        Ok(FloatRect {
+            min: Vec2(x_min, y_min),
+            max: Vec2(x_max, y_max)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl SampleType {
+
+    /// How many bytes a single sample takes up.
+    pub fn bytes_per_sample(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            SampleType::F16 => f16::BYTE_SIZE,
+            SampleType::F32 => f32::BYTE_SIZE,
+            SampleType::U32 => u32::BYTE_SIZE,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size() -> usize {
+        i32::BYTE_SIZE
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        match *self {
+            SampleType::U32 => 0_i32,
+            SampleType::F16 => 1_i32,
+            SampleType::F32 => 2_i32,
+        }.write(write)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(read: &mut R) -> Result<Self> {
+        // there's definitely going to be more than 255 different pixel types in the future
+        Ok(match i32::read(read)? {
+            0 => SampleType::U32,
+            1 => SampleType::F16,
+            2 => SampleType::F32,
+            _ => return Err(Error::invalid("pixel type attribute value")),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChannelDescription {
+    /// Choose whether to compress samples linearly or not, based on the channel name.
+    /// Luminance-based channels will be compressed differently than linear data such as alpha.
+    pub fn guess_quantization_linearity(name: &Text) -> bool {
+        !(
+            name.eq_case_insensitive("R") || name.eq_case_insensitive("G") ||
+                name.eq_case_insensitive("B") || name.eq_case_insensitive("L") ||
+                name.eq_case_insensitive("Y") || name.eq_case_insensitive("X") ||
+                name.eq_case_insensitive("Z")
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new channel with the specified properties and a sampling rate of (1,1).
+    /// Automatically chooses the linearity for compression based on the channel name.
+    pub fn named(name: impl Into<Text>, sample_type: SampleType) -> Self {
+        let name = name.into();
+        let linearity = Self::guess_quantization_linearity(&name);
+        Self::new(name, sample_type, linearity)
+    }
+
+    /*pub fn from_name<T: Into<Sample> + Default>(name: impl Into<Text>) -> Self {
+        Self::named(name, T::default().into().sample_type())
+    }*/
+
+    /// Create a new channel with the specified properties and a sampling rate of (1,1).
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<Text>, sample_type: SampleType, quantize_linearly: bool) -> Self {
+        Self { name: name.into(), sample_type, quantize_linearly, sampling: Vec2(1, 1) }
+    }
+
+    /// The count of pixels this channel contains, respecting subsampling.
+    // FIXME this must be used everywhere
+    pub fn subsampled_pixels(&self, dimensions: Vec2<usize>) -> usize {
+        self.subsampled_resolution(dimensions).area()
+    }
+
+    /// The resolution pf this channel, respecting subsampling.
+    pub fn subsampled_resolution(&self, dimensions: Vec2<usize>) -> Vec2<usize> {
+        dimensions / self.sampling
+    }
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.name.null_terminated_byte_size()
+            + SampleType::byte_size()
+            + 1 // is_linear
+            + 3 // reserved bytes
+            + 2 * u32::BYTE_SIZE // sampling x, y
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        Text::write_null_terminated(&self.name, write)?;
+        self.sample_type.write(write)?;
+
+        match self.quantize_linearly {
+            false => 0_u8,
+            true  => 1_u8,
+        }.write(write)?;
+
+        i8::write_slice(write, &[0_i8, 0_i8, 0_i8])?;
+        i32::write(usize_to_i32(self.sampling.x()), write)?;
+        i32::write(usize_to_i32(self.sampling.y()), write)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(read: &mut R) -> Result<Self> {
+        let name = Text::read_null_terminated(read, 256)?;
+        let sample_type = SampleType::read(read)?;
+
+        let is_linear = match u8::read(read)? {
+            1 => true,
+            0 => false,
+            _ => return Err(Error::invalid("channel linearity attribute value")),
+        };
+
+        let mut reserved = [0_i8; 3];
+        i8::read_slice(read, &mut reserved)?;
+
+        let x_sampling = i32_to_usize(i32::read(read)?, "x channel sampling")?;
+        let y_sampling = i32_to_usize(i32::read(read)?, "y channel sampling")?;
+
+        Ok(ChannelDescription {
+            name, sample_type,
+            quantize_linearly: is_linear,
+            sampling: Vec2(x_sampling, y_sampling),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Validate this instance.
+    pub fn validate(&self, allow_sampling: bool, data_window: IntegerBounds, strict: bool) -> UnitResult {
+        self.name.validate(true, None)?; // TODO spec says this does not affect `requirements.long_names` but is that true?
+
+        if self.sampling.x() == 0 || self.sampling.y() == 0 {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("zero sampling factor"));
+        }
+
+        if strict && !allow_sampling && self.sampling != Vec2(1,1) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("subsampling is only allowed in flat scan line images"));
+        }
+
+        if data_window.position.x() % self.sampling.x() as i32 != 0 || data_window.position.y() % self.sampling.y() as i32 != 0 {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("channel sampling factor not dividing data window position"));
+        }
+
+        if data_window.size.x() % self.sampling.x() != 0 || data_window.size.y() % self.sampling.y() != 0 {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("channel sampling factor not dividing data window size"));
+        }
+
+        if self.sampling != Vec2(1,1) {
+            // TODO this must only be implemented in the crate::image module and child modules,
+            //      should not be too difficult
+
+            return Err(Error::unsupported("channel subsampling not supported yet"));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ChannelList {
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.list.iter().map(ChannelDescription::byte_size).sum::<usize>() + sequence_end::byte_size()
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    /// Assumes channels are sorted alphabetically and all values are validated.
+    pub fn write(&self, write: &mut impl Write) -> UnitResult {
+        for channel in &self.list {
+            channel.write(write)?;
+        }
+
+        sequence_end::write(write)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    pub fn read(read: &mut PeekRead<impl Read>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut channels = SmallVec::new();
+        while !sequence_end::has_come(read)? {
+            channels.push(ChannelDescription::read(read)?);
+        }
+
+        Ok(ChannelList::new(channels))
+    }
+
+    /// Check if channels are valid and sorted.
+    pub fn validate(&self, allow_sampling: bool, data_window: IntegerBounds, strict: bool) -> UnitResult {
+        let mut iter = self.list.iter().map(|chan| chan.validate(allow_sampling, data_window, strict).map(|_| &chan.name));
+        let mut previous = iter.next().ok_or(Error::invalid("at least one channel is required"))??;
+
+        for result in iter {
+            let value = result?;
+            if strict && previous == value { return Err(Error::invalid("channel names are not unique")); }
+            else if previous > value { return Err(Error::invalid("channel names are not sorted alphabetically")); }
+            else { previous = value; }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn u8_to_decimal32(binary: u8) -> u32 {
+    let units = binary as u32 % 10;
+    let tens = (binary as u32 / 10) % 10;
+    units | (tens << 4)
+}
+
+// assumes value fits into u8
+fn u8_from_decimal32(coded: u32) -> u8 {
+    ((coded & 0x0f) + 10 * ((coded >> 4) & 0x0f)) as u8
+}
+
+// https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/openexr/blob/master/src/lib/OpenEXR/ImfTimeCode.cpp
+impl TimeCode {
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub const BYTE_SIZE: usize = 2 * u32::BYTE_SIZE;
+
+    /// Returns an error if this time code is considered invalid.
+    pub fn validate(&self, strict: bool) -> UnitResult {
+        if strict {
+            if self.frame > 29 { Err(Error::invalid("time code frame larger than 29")) }
+            else if self.seconds > 59 { Err(Error::invalid("time code seconds larger than 59")) }
+            else if self.minutes > 59 { Err(Error::invalid("time code minutes larger than 59")) }
+            else if self.hours > 23 { Err(Error::invalid("time code hours larger than 23")) }
+            else if self.binary_groups.iter().any(|&group| group > 15) {
+                Err(Error::invalid("time code binary group value too large for 3 bits"))
+            }
+            else { Ok(()) }
+        }
+        else { Ok(()) }
+    }
+
+
+    /// Pack the SMPTE time code into a u32 value, according to TV60 packing.
+    /// This is the encoding which is used within a binary exr file.
+    pub fn pack_time_as_tv60_u32(&self) -> Result<u32> {
+        // validate strictly to prevent set_bit panic! below
+        self.validate(true)?;
+
+        Ok(*0_u32
+            .set_bits(0..6, u8_to_decimal32(self.frame))
+            .set_bit(6, self.drop_frame)
+            .set_bit(7, self.color_frame)
+            .set_bits(8..15, u8_to_decimal32(self.seconds))
+            .set_bit(15, self.field_phase)
+            .set_bits(16..23, u8_to_decimal32(self.minutes))
+            .set_bit(23, self.binary_group_flags[0])
+            .set_bits(24..30, u8_to_decimal32(self.hours))
+            .set_bit(30, self.binary_group_flags[1])
+            .set_bit(31, self.binary_group_flags[2])
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Unpack a time code from one TV60 encoded u32 value and the encoded user data.
+    /// This is the encoding which is used within a binary exr file.
+    pub fn from_tv60_time(tv60_time: u32, user_data: u32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            frame: u8_from_decimal32(tv60_time.get_bits(0..6)), // cast cannot fail, as these are less than 8 bits
+            drop_frame: tv60_time.get_bit(6),
+            color_frame: tv60_time.get_bit(7),
+            seconds: u8_from_decimal32(tv60_time.get_bits(8..15)), // cast cannot fail, as these are less than 8 bits
+            field_phase: tv60_time.get_bit(15),
+            minutes: u8_from_decimal32(tv60_time.get_bits(16..23)), // cast cannot fail, as these are less than 8 bits
+            hours: u8_from_decimal32(tv60_time.get_bits(24..30)), // cast cannot fail, as these are less than 8 bits
+            binary_group_flags: [
+                tv60_time.get_bit(23),
+                tv60_time.get_bit(30),
+                tv60_time.get_bit(31),
+            ],
+
+            binary_groups: Self::unpack_user_data_from_u32(user_data)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Pack the SMPTE time code into a u32 value, according to TV50 packing.
+    /// This encoding does not support the `drop_frame` flag, it will be lost.
+    pub fn pack_time_as_tv50_u32(&self) -> Result<u32> {
+        Ok(*self.pack_time_as_tv60_u32()?
+
+            // swap some fields by replacing some bits in the packed u32
+            .set_bit(6, false)
+            .set_bit(15, self.binary_group_flags[0])
+            .set_bit(30, self.binary_group_flags[1])
+            .set_bit(23, self.binary_group_flags[2])
+            .set_bit(31, self.field_phase)
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Unpack a time code from one TV50 encoded u32 value and the encoded user data.
+    /// This encoding does not support the `drop_frame` flag, it will always be false.
+    pub fn from_tv50_time(tv50_time: u32, user_data: u32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            drop_frame: false, // do not use bit [6]
+
+            // swap some fields:
+            field_phase: tv50_time.get_bit(31),
+            binary_group_flags: [
+                tv50_time.get_bit(15),
+                tv50_time.get_bit(30),
+                tv50_time.get_bit(23),
+            ],
+
+            .. Self::from_tv60_time(tv50_time, user_data)
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /// Pack the SMPTE time code into a u32 value, according to FILM24 packing.
+    /// This encoding does not support the `drop_frame` and `color_frame` flags, they will be lost.
+    pub fn pack_time_as_film24_u32(&self) -> Result<u32> {
+        Ok(*self.pack_time_as_tv60_u32()?
+            .set_bit(6, false)
+            .set_bit(7, false)
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Unpack a time code from one TV60 encoded u32 value and the encoded user data.
+    /// This encoding does not support the `drop_frame` and `color_frame` flags, they will always be `false`.
+    pub fn from_film24_time(film24_time: u32, user_data: u32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            drop_frame: false, // bit [6]
+            color_frame: false, // bit [7]
+            .. Self::from_tv60_time(film24_time, user_data)
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    // in rust, group index starts at zero, not at one.
+    fn user_data_bit_indices(group_index: usize) -> std::ops::Range<usize> {
+        let min_bit = 4 * group_index;
+        min_bit .. min_bit + 4 // +4, not +3, as `Range` is exclusive
+    }
+
+    /// Pack the user data `u8` array into one u32.
+    /// User data values are clamped to the valid range (maximum value is 4).
+    pub fn pack_user_data_as_u32(&self) -> u32 {
+        let packed = self.binary_groups.iter().enumerate().fold(0_u32, |mut packed, (group_index, group_value)|
+            *packed.set_bits(Self::user_data_bit_indices(group_index), *group_value.min(&15) as u32)
+        );
+
+        debug_assert_eq!(Self::unpack_user_data_from_u32(packed), self.binary_groups, "round trip user data encoding");
+        packed
+    }
+
+    // Unpack the encoded u32 user data to an array of bytes, each byte having a value from 0 to 4.
+    fn unpack_user_data_from_u32(user_data: u32) -> [u8; 8] {
+        (0..8).map(|group_index| user_data.get_bits(Self::user_data_bit_indices(group_index)) as u8)
+            .collect::<SmallVec<[u8;8]>>().into_inner().expect("array index bug")
+    }
+
+
+    /// Write this time code to the byte stream, encoded as TV60 integers.
+    /// Returns an `Error::Invalid` if the fields are out of the allowed range.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        self.pack_time_as_tv60_u32()?.write(write)?; // will validate
+        self.pack_user_data_as_u32().write(write)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the time code, without validating, extracting from TV60 integers.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(read: &mut R) -> Result<Self> {
+        let time_and_flags = u32::read(read)?;
+        let user_data = u32::read(read)?;
+        Ok(Self::from_tv60_time(time_and_flags, user_data))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Chromaticities {
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size() -> usize {
+        8 * f32::BYTE_SIZE
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        self.red.x().write(write)?;
+        self.red.y().write(write)?;
+
+        self.green.x().write(write)?;
+        self.green.y().write(write)?;
+
+        self.blue.x().write(write)?;
+        self.blue.y().write(write)?;
+
+        self.white.x().write(write)?;
+        self.white.y().write(write)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(read: &mut R) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Chromaticities {
+            red: Vec2(f32::read(read)?, f32::read(read)?),
+            green: Vec2(f32::read(read)?, f32::read(read)?),
+            blue: Vec2(f32::read(read)?, f32::read(read)?),
+            white: Vec2(f32::read(read)?, f32::read(read)?),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Compression {
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size() -> usize { u8::BYTE_SIZE }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        use self::Compression::*;
+        match self {
+            Uncompressed => 0_u8,
+            RLE => 1_u8,
+            ZIP1 => 2_u8,
+            ZIP16 => 3_u8,
+            PIZ => 4_u8,
+            PXR24 => 5_u8,
+            B44 => 6_u8,
+            B44A => 7_u8,
+            DWAA(_) => 8_u8,
+            DWAB(_) => 9_u8,
+        }.write(write)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(read: &mut R) -> Result<Self> {
+        use self::Compression::*;
+        Ok(match u8::read(read)? {
+            0 => Uncompressed,
+            1 => RLE,
+            2 => ZIP1,
+            3 => ZIP16,
+            4 => PIZ,
+            5 => PXR24,
+            6 => B44,
+            7 => B44A,
+            8 => DWAA(None),
+            9 => DWAB(None),
+            _ => return Err(Error::unsupported("unknown compression method")),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl EnvironmentMap {
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size() -> usize {
+        u8::BYTE_SIZE
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        use self::EnvironmentMap::*;
+        match self {
+            LatitudeLongitude => 0_u8,
+            Cube => 1_u8
+        }.write(write)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(read: &mut R) -> Result<Self> {
+        use self::EnvironmentMap::*;
+        Ok(match u8::read(read)? {
+            0 => LatitudeLongitude,
+            1 => Cube,
+            _ => return Err(Error::invalid("environment map attribute value")),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl KeyCode {
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size() -> usize {
+        6 * i32::BYTE_SIZE
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        self.film_manufacturer_code.write(write)?;
+        self.film_type.write(write)?;
+        self.film_roll_prefix.write(write)?;
+        self.count.write(write)?;
+        self.perforation_offset.write(write)?;
+        self.perforations_per_count.write(write)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(read: &mut R) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(KeyCode {
+            film_manufacturer_code: i32::read(read)?,
+            film_type: i32::read(read)?,
+            film_roll_prefix: i32::read(read)?,
+            count: i32::read(read)?,
+            perforation_offset: i32::read(read)?,
+            perforations_per_frame: i32::read(read)?,
+            perforations_per_count: i32::read(read)?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl LineOrder {
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size() -> usize {
+        u8::BYTE_SIZE
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        use self::LineOrder::*;
+        match self {
+            Increasing => 0_u8,
+            Decreasing => 1_u8,
+            Unspecified => 2_u8,
+        }.write(write)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(read: &mut R) -> Result<Self> {
+        use self::LineOrder::*;
+        Ok(match u8::read(read)? {
+            0 => Increasing,
+            1 => Decreasing,
+            2 => Unspecified,
+            _ => return Err(Error::invalid("line order attribute value")),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+
+impl Preview {
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size(&self) -> usize {
+        2 * u32::BYTE_SIZE + self.pixel_data.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        u32::write(self.size.width() as u32, write)?;
+        u32::write(self.size.height() as u32, write)?;
+
+        i8::write_slice(write, &self.pixel_data)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(read: &mut R) -> Result<Self> {
+        let width = u32::read(read)? as usize;
+        let height = u32::read(read)? as usize;
+
+        if let Some(pixel_count) = width.checked_mul(height) {
+            // Multiply by the number of bytes per pixel.
+            if let Some(byte_count) = pixel_count.checked_mul(4) {
+                let pixel_data = i8::read_vec(
+                    read,
+                    byte_count,
+                    1024 * 1024 * 4,
+                    None,
+                    "preview attribute pixel count",
+                )?;
+
+                let preview = Preview {
+                    size: Vec2(width, height),
+                    pixel_data,
+                };
+
+                return Ok(preview);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return Err(Error::invalid(
+                format!("Overflow while calculating preview image Attribute size \
+                (width: {}, height: {}).",
+                width,
+                height)));
+    }
+
+    /// Validate this instance.
+    pub fn validate(&self, strict: bool) -> UnitResult {
+        if strict && (self.size.area() * 4 != self.pixel_data.len()) {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("preview dimensions do not match content length"))
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ::std::fmt::Debug for Preview {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Preview ({}x{} px)", self.size.width(), self.size.height())
+    }
+}
+
+impl TileDescription {
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size() -> usize {
+        2 * u32::BYTE_SIZE + 1 // size x,y + (level mode + rounding mode)
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        u32::write(self.tile_size.width() as u32, write)?;
+        u32::write(self.tile_size.height() as u32, write)?;
+
+        let level_mode = match self.level_mode {
+            LevelMode::Singular => 0_u8,
+            LevelMode::MipMap => 1_u8,
+            LevelMode::RipMap => 2_u8,
+        };
+
+        let rounding_mode = match self.rounding_mode {
+            RoundingMode::Down => 0_u8,
+            RoundingMode::Up => 1_u8,
+        };
+
+        let mode: u8 = level_mode + (rounding_mode * 16);
+        mode.write(write)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(read: &mut R) -> Result<Self> {
+        let x_size = u32::read(read)? as usize;
+        let y_size = u32::read(read)? as usize;
+
+        let mode = u8::read(read)?;
+
+        // wow you really saved that one byte here
+        // mode = level_mode + (rounding_mode * 16)
+        let level_mode = mode & 0b00001111; // wow that works
+        let rounding_mode = mode >> 4; // wow that works
+
+        let level_mode = match level_mode {
+            0 => LevelMode::Singular,
+            1 => LevelMode::MipMap,
+            2 => LevelMode::RipMap,
+            _ => return Err(Error::invalid("tile description level mode")),
+        };
+
+        let rounding_mode = match rounding_mode {
+            0 => RoundingMode::Down,
+            1 => RoundingMode::Up,
+            _ => return Err(Error::invalid("tile description rounding mode")),
+        };
+
+        Ok(TileDescription { tile_size: Vec2(x_size, y_size), level_mode, rounding_mode, })
+    }
+
+    /// Validate this instance.
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> UnitResult {
+        let max = i32::MAX as i64 / 2;
+
+        if self.tile_size.width() == 0 || self.tile_size.height() == 0
+            || self.tile_size.width() as i64 >= max || self.tile_size.height() as i64 >= max
+        {
+            return Err(Error::invalid("tile size"))
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+
+/// Number of bytes this attribute would consume in an exr file.
+// TODO instead of pre calculating byte size, write to a tmp buffer whose length is inspected before actually writing?
+pub fn byte_size(name: &Text, value: &AttributeValue) -> usize {
+    name.null_terminated_byte_size()
+        + value.kind_name().len() + sequence_end::byte_size()
+        + i32::BYTE_SIZE // serialized byte size
+        + value.byte_size()
+}
+
+/// Without validation, write this attribute to the byte stream.
+pub fn write<W: Write>(name: &[u8], value: &AttributeValue, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+    Text::write_null_terminated_bytes(name, write)?;
+    Text::write_null_terminated_bytes(value.kind_name(), write)?;
+    i32::write(value.byte_size() as i32, write)?;
+    value.write(write)
+}
+
+/// Read the attribute without validating. The result may be `Ok` even if this single attribute is invalid.
+pub fn read(read: &mut PeekRead<impl Read>, max_size: usize) -> Result<(Text, Result<AttributeValue>)> {
+    let name = Text::read_null_terminated(read, max_size)?;
+    let kind = Text::read_null_terminated(read, max_size)?;
+    let size = i32_to_usize(i32::read(read)?, "attribute size")?;
+    let value = AttributeValue::read(read, kind, size)?;
+    Ok((name, value))
+}
+
+/// Validate this attribute.
+pub fn validate(name: &Text, value: &AttributeValue, long_names: &mut bool, allow_sampling: bool, data_window: IntegerBounds, strict: bool) -> UnitResult {
+    name.validate(true, Some(long_names))?; // only name text has length restriction
+    value.validate(allow_sampling, data_window, strict) // attribute value text length is never restricted
+}
+
+
+impl AttributeValue {
+
+    /// Number of bytes this would consume in an exr file.
+    pub fn byte_size(&self) -> usize {
+        use self::AttributeValue::*;
+
+        match *self {
+            IntegerBounds(_) => self::IntegerBounds::byte_size(),
+            FloatRect(_) => self::FloatRect::byte_size(),
+
+            I32(_) => i32::BYTE_SIZE,
+            F32(_) => f32::BYTE_SIZE,
+            F64(_) => f64::BYTE_SIZE,
+
+            Rational(_) => { i32::BYTE_SIZE + u32::BYTE_SIZE },
+            TimeCode(_) => self::TimeCode::BYTE_SIZE,
+
+            IntVec2(_) => { 2 * i32::BYTE_SIZE },
+            FloatVec2(_) => { 2 * f32::BYTE_SIZE },
+            IntVec3(_) => { 3 * i32::BYTE_SIZE },
+            FloatVec3(_) => { 3 * f32::BYTE_SIZE },
+
+            ChannelList(ref channels) => channels.byte_size(),
+            Chromaticities(_) => self::Chromaticities::byte_size(),
+            Compression(_) => self::Compression::byte_size(),
+            EnvironmentMap(_) => self::EnvironmentMap::byte_size(),
+
+            KeyCode(_) => self::KeyCode::byte_size(),
+            LineOrder(_) => self::LineOrder::byte_size(),
+
+            Matrix3x3(ref value) => value.len() * f32::BYTE_SIZE,
+            Matrix4x4(ref value) => value.len() * f32::BYTE_SIZE,
+
+            Preview(ref value) => value.byte_size(),
+
+            // attribute value texts never have limited size.
+            // also, don't serialize size, as it can be inferred from attribute size
+            Text(ref value) => value.bytes.len(),
+
+            TextVector(ref value) => value.iter().map(self::Text::i32_sized_byte_size).sum(),
+            TileDescription(_) => self::TileDescription::byte_size(),
+            Custom { ref bytes, .. } => bytes.len(),
+            BlockType(ref kind) => kind.byte_size()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The exr name string of the type that an attribute can have.
+    pub fn kind_name(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        use self::AttributeValue::*;
+        use self::type_names as ty;
+
+        match *self {
+            IntegerBounds(_) =>  ty::I32BOX2,
+            FloatRect(_) =>  ty::F32BOX2,
+            I32(_) =>  ty::I32,
+            F32(_) =>  ty::F32,
+            F64(_) =>  ty::F64,
+            Rational(_) => ty::RATIONAL,
+            TimeCode(_) => ty::TIME_CODE,
+            IntVec2(_) => ty::I32VEC2,
+            FloatVec2(_) => ty::F32VEC2,
+            IntVec3(_) => ty::I32VEC3,
+            FloatVec3(_) => ty::F32VEC3,
+            ChannelList(_) =>  ty::CHANNEL_LIST,
+            Chromaticities(_) =>  ty::CHROMATICITIES,
+            Compression(_) =>  ty::COMPRESSION,
+            EnvironmentMap(_) =>  ty::ENVIRONMENT_MAP,
+            KeyCode(_) =>  ty::KEY_CODE,
+            LineOrder(_) =>  ty::LINE_ORDER,
+            Matrix3x3(_) =>  ty::F32MATRIX3X3,
+            Matrix4x4(_) =>  ty::F32MATRIX4X4,
+            Preview(_) =>  ty::PREVIEW,
+            Text(_) =>  ty::TEXT,
+            TextVector(_) =>  ty::TEXT_VECTOR,
+            TileDescription(_) =>  ty::TILES,
+            Custom { ref kind, .. } => &kind.bytes,
+            BlockType(_) => super::BlockType::TYPE_NAME,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Without validation, write this instance to the byte stream.
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, write: &mut W) -> UnitResult {
+        use self::AttributeValue::*;
+        match *self {
+            IntegerBounds(value) => value.write(write)?,
+            FloatRect(value) => value.write(write)?,
+
+            I32(value) => value.write(write)?,
+            F32(value) => value.write(write)?,
+            F64(value) => value.write(write)?,
+
+            Rational((a, b)) => { a.write(write)?; b.write(write)?; },
+            TimeCode(codes) => { codes.write(write)?; },
+
+            IntVec2(Vec2(x, y)) => { x.write(write)?; y.write(write)?; },
+            FloatVec2(Vec2(x, y)) => { x.write(write)?; y.write(write)?; },
+            IntVec3((x, y, z)) => { x.write(write)?; y.write(write)?; z.write(write)?; },
+            FloatVec3((x, y, z)) => { x.write(write)?; y.write(write)?; z.write(write)?; },
+
+            ChannelList(ref channels) => channels.write(write)?,
+            Chromaticities(ref value) => value.write(write)?,
+            Compression(value) => value.write(write)?,
+            EnvironmentMap(value) => value.write(write)?,
+
+            KeyCode(value) => value.write(write)?,
+            LineOrder(value) => value.write(write)?,
+
+            Matrix3x3(mut value) => f32::write_slice(write, &mut value)?,
+            Matrix4x4(mut value) => f32::write_slice(write, &mut value)?,
+
+            Preview(ref value) => { value.write(write)?; },
+
+            // attribute value texts never have limited size.
+            // also, don't serialize size, as it can be inferred from attribute size
+            Text(ref value) => u8::write_slice(write, value.bytes.as_slice())?,
+
+            TextVector(ref value) => self::Text::write_vec_of_i32_sized_texts(write, value)?,
+            TileDescription(ref value) => value.write(write)?,
+            Custom { ref bytes, .. } => u8::write_slice(write, &bytes)?, // write.write(&bytes).map(|_| ()),
+            BlockType(kind) => kind.write(write)?
+        };
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the value without validating.
+    /// Returns `Ok(Ok(attribute))` for valid attributes.
+    /// Returns `Ok(Err(Error))` for invalid attributes from a valid byte source.
+    /// Returns `Err(Error)` for invalid byte sources, for example for invalid files.
+    pub fn read(read: &mut PeekRead<impl Read>, kind: Text, byte_size: usize) -> Result<Result<Self>> {
+        use self::AttributeValue::*;
+        use self::type_names as ty;
+
+        // always read bytes
+        let attribute_bytes = u8::read_vec(read, byte_size, 128, None, "attribute value size")?;
+        // TODO no allocation for small attributes // : SmallVec<[u8; 64]> = smallvec![0; byte_size];
+
+        let parse_attribute = move || {
+            let reader = &mut attribute_bytes.as_slice();
+
+            Ok(match kind.bytes.as_slice() {
+                ty::I32BOX2 => IntegerBounds(self::IntegerBounds::read(reader)?),
+                ty::F32BOX2 => FloatRect(self::FloatRect::read(reader)?),
+
+                ty::I32 => I32(i32::read(reader)?),
+                ty::F32 => F32(f32::read(reader)?),
+                ty::F64 => F64(f64::read(reader)?),
+
+                ty::RATIONAL => Rational({
+                    let a = i32::read(reader)?;
+                    let b = u32::read(reader)?;
+                    (a, b)
+                }),
+
+                ty::TIME_CODE => TimeCode(self::TimeCode::read(reader)?),
+
+                ty::I32VEC2 => IntVec2({
+                    let a = i32::read(reader)?;
+                    let b = i32::read(reader)?;
+                    Vec2(a, b)
+                }),
+
+                ty::F32VEC2 => FloatVec2({
+                    let a = f32::read(reader)?;
+                    let b = f32::read(reader)?;
+                    Vec2(a, b)
+                }),
+
+                ty::I32VEC3 => IntVec3({
+                    let a = i32::read(reader)?;
+                    let b = i32::read(reader)?;
+                    let c = i32::read(reader)?;
+                    (a, b, c)
+                }),
+
+                ty::F32VEC3 => FloatVec3({
+                    let a = f32::read(reader)?;
+                    let b = f32::read(reader)?;
+                    let c = f32::read(reader)?;
+                    (a, b, c)
+                }),
+
+                ty::CHANNEL_LIST    => ChannelList(self::ChannelList::read(&mut PeekRead::new(attribute_bytes.as_slice()))?),
+                ty::CHROMATICITIES  => Chromaticities(self::Chromaticities::read(reader)?),
+                ty::COMPRESSION     => Compression(self::Compression::read(reader)?),
+                ty::ENVIRONMENT_MAP => EnvironmentMap(self::EnvironmentMap::read(reader)?),
+
+                ty::KEY_CODE   => KeyCode(self::KeyCode::read(reader)?),
+                ty::LINE_ORDER => LineOrder(self::LineOrder::read(reader)?),
+
+                ty::F32MATRIX3X3 => Matrix3x3({
+                    let mut result = [0.0_f32; 9];
+                    f32::read_slice(reader, &mut result)?;
+                    result
+                }),
+
+                ty::F32MATRIX4X4 => Matrix4x4({
+                    let mut result = [0.0_f32; 16];
+                    f32::read_slice(reader, &mut result)?;
+                    result
+                }),
+
+                ty::PREVIEW     => Preview(self::Preview::read(reader)?),
+                ty::TEXT        => Text(self::Text::read_sized(reader, byte_size)?),
+
+                // the number of strings can be inferred from the total attribute size
+                ty::TEXT_VECTOR => TextVector(self::Text::read_vec_of_i32_sized(
+                    &mut PeekRead::new(attribute_bytes.as_slice()),
+                    byte_size
+                )?),
+
+                ty::TILES       => TileDescription(self::TileDescription::read(reader)?),
+
+                _ => Custom { kind: kind.clone(), bytes: attribute_bytes.clone() } // TODO no clone
+            })
+        };
+
+        Ok(parse_attribute())
+    }
+
+    /// Validate this instance.
+    pub fn validate(&self, allow_sampling: bool, data_window: IntegerBounds, strict: bool) -> UnitResult {
+        use self::AttributeValue::*;
+
+        match *self {
+            ChannelList(ref channels) => channels.validate(allow_sampling, data_window, strict)?,
+            TileDescription(ref value) => value.validate()?,
+            Preview(ref value) => value.validate(strict)?,
+            TimeCode(ref time_code) => time_code.validate(strict)?,
+
+            TextVector(ref vec) => if strict && vec.is_empty() {
+                return Err(Error::invalid("text vector may not be empty"))
+            },
+
+            _ => {}
+        };
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+
+    /// Return `Ok(i32)` if this attribute is an i32.
+    pub fn to_i32(&self) -> Result<i32> {
+        match *self {
+            AttributeValue::I32(value) => Ok(value),
+            _ => Err(invalid_type())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return `Ok(f32)` if this attribute is an f32.
+    pub fn to_f32(&self) -> Result<f32> {
+        match *self {
+            AttributeValue::F32(value) => Ok(value),
+            _ => Err(invalid_type())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return `Ok(Text)` if this attribute is a text.
+    pub fn into_text(self) -> Result<Text> {
+        match self {
+            AttributeValue::Text(value) => Ok(value),
+            _ => Err(invalid_type())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return `Ok(Text)` if this attribute is a text.
+    pub fn to_text(&self) -> Result<&Text> {
+        match self {
+            AttributeValue::Text(value) => Ok(value),
+            _ => Err(invalid_type())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return `Ok(Chromaticities)` if this attribute is a chromaticities attribute.
+    pub fn to_chromaticities(&self) -> Result<Chromaticities> {
+        match *self {
+            AttributeValue::Chromaticities(value) => Ok(value),
+            _ => Err(invalid_type())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return `Ok(TimeCode)` if this attribute is a time code.
+    pub fn to_time_code(&self) -> Result<TimeCode> {
+        match *self {
+            AttributeValue::TimeCode(value) => Ok(value),
+            _ => Err(invalid_type())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+/// Contains string literals identifying the type of an attribute.
+pub mod type_names {
+    macro_rules! define_attribute_type_names {
+        ( $($name: ident : $value: expr),* ) => {
+            $(
+                /// The byte-string name of this attribute type as it appears in an exr file.
+                pub const $name: &'static [u8] = $value;
+            )*
+        };
+    }
+
+    define_attribute_type_names! {
+        I32BOX2:        b"box2i",
+        F32BOX2:        b"box2f",
+        I32:            b"int",
+        F32:            b"float",
+        F64:            b"double",
+        RATIONAL:       b"rational",
+        TIME_CODE:      b"timecode",
+        I32VEC2:        b"v2i",
+        F32VEC2:        b"v2f",
+        I32VEC3:        b"v3i",
+        F32VEC3:        b"v3f",
+        CHANNEL_LIST:   b"chlist",
+        CHROMATICITIES: b"chromaticities",
+        COMPRESSION:    b"compression",
+        ENVIRONMENT_MAP:b"envmap",
+        KEY_CODE:       b"keycode",
+        LINE_ORDER:     b"lineOrder",
+        F32MATRIX3X3:   b"m33f",
+        F32MATRIX4X4:   b"m44f",
+        PREVIEW:        b"preview",
+        TEXT:           b"string",
+        TEXT_VECTOR:    b"stringvector",
+        TILES:          b"tiledesc"
+    }
+}
+
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    use ::std::io::Cursor;
+    use rand::{random, thread_rng, Rng};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn text_ord() {
+        for _ in 0..1024 {
+            let text1 = Text::from_bytes_unchecked((0..4).map(|_| rand::random::<u8>()).collect());
+            let text2 = Text::from_bytes_unchecked((0..4).map(|_| rand::random::<u8>()).collect());
+
+            assert_eq!(text1.to_string().cmp(&text2.to_string()), text1.cmp(&text2), "in text {:?} vs {:?}", text1, text2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rounding_up(){
+        let round_up = RoundingMode::Up;
+        assert_eq!(round_up.divide(10, 10), 1, "divide equal");
+        assert_eq!(round_up.divide(10, 2), 5, "divide even");
+        assert_eq!(round_up.divide(10, 5), 2, "divide even");
+
+        assert_eq!(round_up.divide(8, 5), 2, "round up");
+        assert_eq!(round_up.divide(10, 3), 4, "round up");
+        assert_eq!(round_up.divide(100, 50), 2, "divide even");
+        assert_eq!(round_up.divide(100, 49), 3, "round up");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rounding_down(){
+        let round_down = RoundingMode::Down;
+        assert_eq!(round_down.divide(8, 5), 1, "round down");
+        assert_eq!(round_down.divide(10, 3), 3, "round down");
+        assert_eq!(round_down.divide(100, 50), 2, "divide even");
+        assert_eq!(round_down.divide(100, 49), 2, "round down");
+        assert_eq!(round_down.divide(100, 51), 1, "round down");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tile_description_write_read_roundtrip(){
+        let tiles = [
+            TileDescription {
+                tile_size: Vec2(31, 7),
+                level_mode: LevelMode::MipMap,
+                rounding_mode: RoundingMode::Down,
+            },
+
+            TileDescription {
+                tile_size: Vec2(0, 0),
+                level_mode: LevelMode::Singular,
+                rounding_mode: RoundingMode::Up,
+            },
+
+            TileDescription {
+                tile_size: Vec2(4294967294, 4294967295),
+                level_mode: LevelMode::RipMap,
+                rounding_mode: RoundingMode::Down,
+            },
+        ];
+
+        for tile in &tiles {
+            let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+            tile.write(&mut bytes).unwrap();
+
+            let new_tile = TileDescription::read(&mut Cursor::new(bytes)).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(*tile, new_tile, "tile round trip");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn attribute_write_read_roundtrip_and_byte_size(){
+        let attributes = [
+            (
+                Text::from("greeting"),
+                AttributeValue::Text(Text::from("hello")),
+            ),
+            (
+                Text::from("age"),
+                AttributeValue::I32(923),
+            ),
+            (
+                Text::from("leg count"),
+                AttributeValue::F64(9.114939599234),
+            ),
+            (
+                Text::from("rabbit area"),
+                AttributeValue::FloatRect(FloatRect {
+                    min: Vec2(23.4234, 345.23),
+                    max: Vec2(68623.0, 3.12425926538),
+                }),
+            ),
+            (
+                Text::from("rabbit area int"),
+                AttributeValue::IntegerBounds(IntegerBounds {
+                    position: Vec2(23, 345),
+                    size: Vec2(68623, 3),
+                }),
+            ),
+            (
+                Text::from("rabbit area int"),
+                AttributeValue::IntegerBounds(IntegerBounds {
+                    position: Vec2(-(i32::MAX / 2 - 1), -(i32::MAX / 2 - 1)),
+                    size: Vec2(i32::MAX as usize - 2, i32::MAX as usize - 2),
+                }),
+            ),
+            (
+                Text::from("rabbit area int 2"),
+                AttributeValue::IntegerBounds(IntegerBounds {
+                    position: Vec2(0, 0),
+                    size: Vec2(i32::MAX as usize / 2 - 1, i32::MAX as usize / 2 - 1),
+                }),
+            ),
+            (
+                Text::from("tests are difficult"),
+                AttributeValue::TextVector(vec![
+                    Text::from("sdoifjpsdv"),
+                    Text::from("sdoifjpsdvxxxx"),
+                    Text::from("sdoifjasd"),
+                    Text::from("sdoifj"),
+                    Text::from("sdoifjddddddddasdasd"),
+                ]),
+            ),
+            (
+                Text::from("what should we eat tonight"),
+                AttributeValue::Preview(Preview {
+                    size: Vec2(10, 30),
+                    pixel_data: vec![31; 10 * 30 * 4],
+                }),
+            ),
+            (
+                Text::from("leg count, again"),
+                AttributeValue::ChannelList(ChannelList::new(smallvec![
+                        ChannelDescription {
+                            name: Text::from("Green"),
+                            sample_type: SampleType::F16,
+                            quantize_linearly: false,
+                            sampling: Vec2(1,2)
+                        },
+                        ChannelDescription {
+                            name: Text::from("Red"),
+                            sample_type: SampleType::F32,
+                            quantize_linearly: true,
+                            sampling: Vec2(1,2)
+                        },
+                        ChannelDescription {
+                            name: Text::from("Purple"),
+                            sample_type: SampleType::U32,
+                            quantize_linearly: false,
+                            sampling: Vec2(0,0)
+                        }
+                    ],
+                )),
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        for (name, value) in &attributes {
+            let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+            super::write(name.as_slice(), value, &mut bytes).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(super::byte_size(name, value), bytes.len(), "attribute.byte_size() for {:?}", (name, value));
+
+            let new_attribute = super::read(&mut PeekRead::new(Cursor::new(bytes)), 300).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!((name.clone(), value.clone()), (new_attribute.0, new_attribute.1.unwrap()), "attribute round trip");
+        }
+
+
+        {
+            let (name, value) = (
+                Text::from("asdkaspfokpaosdkfpaokswdpoakpsfokaposdkf"),
+                AttributeValue::I32(0),
+            );
+
+            let mut long_names = false;
+            super::validate(&name, &value, &mut long_names, false, IntegerBounds::zero(), false).unwrap();
+            assert!(long_names);
+        }
+
+        {
+            let (name, value) = (
+                Text::from("sdöksadöofkaspdolkpöasolfkcöalsod,kfcöaslodkcpöasolkfposdöksadöofkaspdolkpöasolfkcöalsod,kfcöaslodkcpöasolkfposdöksadöofkaspdolkpöasolfkcöalsod,kfcöaslodkcpöasolkfposdöksadöofkaspdolkpöasolfkcöalsod,kfcöaslodkcpöasolkfposdöksadöofkaspdolkpöasolfkcöalsod,kfcöaslodkcpöasolkfposdöksadöofkaspdolkpöasolfkcöalsod,kfcöaslodkcpöasolkfpo"),
+                AttributeValue::I32(0),
+            );
+
+            super::validate(&name, &value, &mut false, false, IntegerBounds::zero(), false).expect_err("name length check failed");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn time_code_pack(){
+        let mut rng = thread_rng();
+
+        let codes = std::iter::repeat_with(|| TimeCode {
+            hours: rng.gen_range(0 .. 24),
+            minutes: rng.gen_range(0 .. 60),
+            seconds: rng.gen_range(0 .. 60),
+            frame: rng.gen_range(0 .. 29),
+            drop_frame: random(),
+            color_frame: random(),
+            field_phase: random(),
+            binary_group_flags: [random(),random(),random()],
+            binary_groups: std::iter::repeat_with(|| rng.gen_range(0 .. 16)).take(8)
+                .collect::<SmallVec<[u8;8]>>().into_inner().unwrap()
+        });
+
+        for code in codes.take(500) {
+            code.validate(true).expect("invalid timecode test input");
+
+            {   // through tv60 packing, roundtrip
+                let packed_tv60 = code.pack_time_as_tv60_u32().expect("invalid timecode test input");
+                let packed_user = code.pack_user_data_as_u32();
+                assert_eq!(TimeCode::from_tv60_time(packed_tv60, packed_user), code);
+            }
+
+            {   // through bytes, roundtrip
+                let mut bytes = Vec::<u8>::new();
+                code.write(&mut bytes).unwrap();
+                let decoded = TimeCode::read(&mut bytes.as_slice()).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(code, decoded);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let tv50_code = TimeCode {
+                    drop_frame: false, // apparently, tv50 does not support drop frame, so do not use this value
+                   .. code
+                };
+
+                let packed_tv50 = code.pack_time_as_tv50_u32().expect("invalid timecode test input");
+                let packed_user = code.pack_user_data_as_u32();
+                assert_eq!(TimeCode::from_tv50_time(packed_tv50, packed_user), tv50_code);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let film24_code = TimeCode {
+                    // apparently, film24 does not support some flags, so do not use those values
+                    color_frame: false,
+                    drop_frame: false,
+                   .. code
+                };
+
+                let packed_film24 = code.pack_time_as_film24_u32().expect("invalid timecode test input");
+                let packed_user = code.pack_user_data_as_u32();
+                assert_eq!(TimeCode::from_film24_time(packed_film24, packed_user), film24_code);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}