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+//! The global epoch
+//!
+//! The last bit in this number is unused and is always zero. Every so often the global epoch is
+//! incremented, i.e. we say it "advances". A pinned participant may advance the global epoch only
+//! if all currently pinned participants have been pinned in the current epoch.
+//!
+//! If an object became garbage in some epoch, then we can be sure that after two advancements no
+//! participant will hold a reference to it. That is the crux of safe memory reclamation.
+
+use crate::primitive::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+
+/// An epoch that can be marked as pinned or unpinned.
+///
+/// Internally, the epoch is represented as an integer that wraps around at some unspecified point
+/// and a flag that represents whether it is pinned or unpinned.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Default, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) struct Epoch {
+ /// The least significant bit is set if pinned. The rest of the bits hold the epoch.
+ data: usize,
+}
+
+impl Epoch {
+ /// Returns the starting epoch in unpinned state.
+ #[inline]
+ pub(crate) fn starting() -> Self {
+ Self::default()
+ }
+
+ /// Returns the number of epochs `self` is ahead of `rhs`.
+ ///
+ /// Internally, epochs are represented as numbers in the range `(isize::MIN / 2) .. (isize::MAX
+ /// / 2)`, so the returned distance will be in the same interval.
+ pub(crate) fn wrapping_sub(self, rhs: Self) -> isize {
+ // The result is the same with `(self.data & !1).wrapping_sub(rhs.data & !1) as isize >> 1`,
+ // because the possible difference of LSB in `(self.data & !1).wrapping_sub(rhs.data & !1)`
+ // will be ignored in the shift operation.
+ self.data.wrapping_sub(rhs.data & !1) as isize >> 1
+ }
+
+ /// Returns `true` if the epoch is marked as pinned.
+ #[inline]
+ pub(crate) fn is_pinned(self) -> bool {
+ (self.data & 1) == 1
+ }
+
+ /// Returns the same epoch, but marked as pinned.
+ #[inline]
+ pub(crate) fn pinned(self) -> Epoch {
+ Epoch {
+ data: self.data | 1,
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Returns the same epoch, but marked as unpinned.
+ #[inline]
+ pub(crate) fn unpinned(self) -> Epoch {
+ Epoch {
+ data: self.data & !1,
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Returns the successor epoch.
+ ///
+ /// The returned epoch will be marked as pinned only if the previous one was as well.
+ #[inline]
+ pub(crate) fn successor(self) -> Epoch {
+ Epoch {
+ data: self.data.wrapping_add(2),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+/// An atomic value that holds an `Epoch`.
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct AtomicEpoch {
+ /// Since `Epoch` is just a wrapper around `usize`, an `AtomicEpoch` is similarly represented
+ /// using an `AtomicUsize`.
+ data: AtomicUsize,
+}
+
+impl AtomicEpoch {
+ /// Creates a new atomic epoch.
+ #[inline]
+ pub(crate) fn new(epoch: Epoch) -> Self {
+ let data = AtomicUsize::new(epoch.data);
+ AtomicEpoch { data }
+ }
+
+ /// Loads a value from the atomic epoch.
+ #[inline]
+ pub(crate) fn load(&self, ord: Ordering) -> Epoch {
+ Epoch {
+ data: self.data.load(ord),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Stores a value into the atomic epoch.
+ #[inline]
+ pub(crate) fn store(&self, epoch: Epoch, ord: Ordering) {
+ self.data.store(epoch.data, ord);
+ }
+
+ /// Stores a value into the atomic epoch if the current value is the same as `current`.
+ ///
+ /// The return value is a result indicating whether the new value was written and containing
+ /// the previous value. On success this value is guaranteed to be equal to `current`.
+ ///
+ /// This method takes two `Ordering` arguments to describe the memory
+ /// ordering of this operation. `success` describes the required ordering for the
+ /// read-modify-write operation that takes place if the comparison with `current` succeeds.
+ /// `failure` describes the required ordering for the load operation that takes place when
+ /// the comparison fails. Using `Acquire` as success ordering makes the store part
+ /// of this operation `Relaxed`, and using `Release` makes the successful load
+ /// `Relaxed`. The failure ordering can only be `SeqCst`, `Acquire` or `Relaxed`
+ /// and must be equivalent to or weaker than the success ordering.
+ #[inline]
+ pub(crate) fn compare_exchange(
+ &self,
+ current: Epoch,
+ new: Epoch,
+ success: Ordering,
+ failure: Ordering,
+ ) -> Result<Epoch, Epoch> {
+ match self
+ .data
+ .compare_exchange(current.data, new.data, success, failure)
+ {
+ Ok(data) => Ok(Epoch { data }),
+ Err(data) => Err(Epoch { data }),
+ }
+ }
+}