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+//! The enum [`Either`] with variants `Left` and `Right` is a general purpose
+//! sum type with two cases.
+//!
+//! [`Either`]: enum.Either.html
+//!
+//! **Crate features:**
+//!
+//! * `"use_std"`
+//! Enabled by default. Disable to make the library `#![no_std]`.
+//!
+//! * `"serde"`
+//! Disabled by default. Enable to `#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]` for `Either`
+//!
+
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/either/1/")]
+#![no_std]
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+extern crate std;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+pub mod serde_untagged;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+pub mod serde_untagged_optional;
+
+use core::convert::{AsMut, AsRef};
+use core::fmt;
+use core::future::Future;
+use core::iter;
+use core::ops::Deref;
+use core::ops::DerefMut;
+use core::pin::Pin;
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+use std::error::Error;
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+use std::io::{self, BufRead, Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
+
+pub use crate::Either::{Left, Right};
+
+/// The enum `Either` with variants `Left` and `Right` is a general purpose
+/// sum type with two cases.
+///
+/// The `Either` type is symmetric and treats its variants the same way, without
+/// preference.
+/// (For representing success or error, use the regular `Result` enum instead.)
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
+#[derive(Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug)]
+pub enum Either<L, R> {
+ /// A value of type `L`.
+ Left(L),
+ /// A value of type `R`.
+ Right(R),
+}
+
+/// Evaluate the provided expression for both [`Either::Left`] and [`Either::Right`].
+///
+/// This macro is useful in cases where both sides of [`Either`] can be interacted with
+/// in the same way even though the don't share the same type.
+///
+/// Syntax: `either::for_both!(` *expression* `,` *pattern* `=>` *expression* `)`
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use either::Either;
+///
+/// fn length(owned_or_borrowed: Either<String, &'static str>) -> usize {
+/// either::for_both!(owned_or_borrowed, s => s.len())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn main() {
+/// let borrowed = Either::Right("Hello world!");
+/// let owned = Either::Left("Hello world!".to_owned());
+///
+/// assert_eq!(length(borrowed), 12);
+/// assert_eq!(length(owned), 12);
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! for_both {
+ ($value:expr, $pattern:pat => $result:expr) => {
+ match $value {
+ $crate::Either::Left($pattern) => $result,
+ $crate::Either::Right($pattern) => $result,
+ }
+ };
+}
+
+/// Macro for unwrapping the left side of an `Either`, which fails early
+/// with the opposite side. Can only be used in functions that return
+/// `Either` because of the early return of `Right` that it provides.
+///
+/// See also `try_right!` for its dual, which applies the same just to the
+/// right side.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use either::{Either, Left, Right};
+///
+/// fn twice(wrapper: Either<u32, &str>) -> Either<u32, &str> {
+/// let value = either::try_left!(wrapper);
+/// Left(value * 2)
+/// }
+///
+/// fn main() {
+/// assert_eq!(twice(Left(2)), Left(4));
+/// assert_eq!(twice(Right("ups")), Right("ups"));
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! try_left {
+ ($expr:expr) => {
+ match $expr {
+ $crate::Left(val) => val,
+ $crate::Right(err) => return $crate::Right(::core::convert::From::from(err)),
+ }
+ };
+}
+
+/// Dual to `try_left!`, see its documentation for more information.
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! try_right {
+ ($expr:expr) => {
+ match $expr {
+ $crate::Left(err) => return $crate::Left(::core::convert::From::from(err)),
+ $crate::Right(val) => val,
+ }
+ };
+}
+
+impl<L: Clone, R: Clone> Clone for Either<L, R> {
+ fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+ match self {
+ Left(inner) => Left(inner.clone()),
+ Right(inner) => Right(inner.clone()),
+ }
+ }
+
+ fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) {
+ match (self, source) {
+ (Left(dest), Left(source)) => dest.clone_from(source),
+ (Right(dest), Right(source)) => dest.clone_from(source),
+ (dest, source) => *dest = source.clone(),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> Either<L, R> {
+ /// Return true if the value is the `Left` variant.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let values = [Left(1), Right("the right value")];
+ /// assert_eq!(values[0].is_left(), true);
+ /// assert_eq!(values[1].is_left(), false);
+ /// ```
+ pub fn is_left(&self) -> bool {
+ match *self {
+ Left(_) => true,
+ Right(_) => false,
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Return true if the value is the `Right` variant.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let values = [Left(1), Right("the right value")];
+ /// assert_eq!(values[0].is_right(), false);
+ /// assert_eq!(values[1].is_right(), true);
+ /// ```
+ pub fn is_right(&self) -> bool {
+ !self.is_left()
+ }
+
+ /// Convert the left side of `Either<L, R>` to an `Option<L>`.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left("some value");
+ /// assert_eq!(left.left(), Some("some value"));
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right(321);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.left(), None);
+ /// ```
+ pub fn left(self) -> Option<L> {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => Some(l),
+ Right(_) => None,
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Convert the right side of `Either<L, R>` to an `Option<R>`.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left("some value");
+ /// assert_eq!(left.right(), None);
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right(321);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.right(), Some(321));
+ /// ```
+ pub fn right(self) -> Option<R> {
+ match self {
+ Left(_) => None,
+ Right(r) => Some(r),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Convert `&Either<L, R>` to `Either<&L, &R>`.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left("some value");
+ /// assert_eq!(left.as_ref(), Left(&"some value"));
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right("some value");
+ /// assert_eq!(right.as_ref(), Right(&"some value"));
+ /// ```
+ pub fn as_ref(&self) -> Either<&L, &R> {
+ match *self {
+ Left(ref inner) => Left(inner),
+ Right(ref inner) => Right(inner),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Convert `&mut Either<L, R>` to `Either<&mut L, &mut R>`.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// fn mutate_left(value: &mut Either<u32, u32>) {
+ /// if let Some(l) = value.as_mut().left() {
+ /// *l = 999;
+ /// }
+ /// }
+ ///
+ /// let mut left = Left(123);
+ /// let mut right = Right(123);
+ /// mutate_left(&mut left);
+ /// mutate_left(&mut right);
+ /// assert_eq!(left, Left(999));
+ /// assert_eq!(right, Right(123));
+ /// ```
+ pub fn as_mut(&mut self) -> Either<&mut L, &mut R> {
+ match *self {
+ Left(ref mut inner) => Left(inner),
+ Right(ref mut inner) => Right(inner),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Convert `Pin<&Either<L, R>>` to `Either<Pin<&L>, Pin<&R>>`,
+ /// pinned projections of the inner variants.
+ pub fn as_pin_ref(self: Pin<&Self>) -> Either<Pin<&L>, Pin<&R>> {
+ // SAFETY: We can use `new_unchecked` because the `inner` parts are
+ // guaranteed to be pinned, as they come from `self` which is pinned.
+ unsafe {
+ match *Pin::get_ref(self) {
+ Left(ref inner) => Left(Pin::new_unchecked(inner)),
+ Right(ref inner) => Right(Pin::new_unchecked(inner)),
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Convert `Pin<&mut Either<L, R>>` to `Either<Pin<&mut L>, Pin<&mut R>>`,
+ /// pinned projections of the inner variants.
+ pub fn as_pin_mut(self: Pin<&mut Self>) -> Either<Pin<&mut L>, Pin<&mut R>> {
+ // SAFETY: `get_unchecked_mut` is fine because we don't move anything.
+ // We can use `new_unchecked` because the `inner` parts are guaranteed
+ // to be pinned, as they come from `self` which is pinned, and we never
+ // offer an unpinned `&mut L` or `&mut R` through `Pin<&mut Self>`. We
+ // also don't have an implementation of `Drop`, nor manual `Unpin`.
+ unsafe {
+ match *Pin::get_unchecked_mut(self) {
+ Left(ref mut inner) => Left(Pin::new_unchecked(inner)),
+ Right(ref mut inner) => Right(Pin::new_unchecked(inner)),
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Convert `Either<L, R>` to `Either<R, L>`.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left(123);
+ /// assert_eq!(left.flip(), Right(123));
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right("some value");
+ /// assert_eq!(right.flip(), Left("some value"));
+ /// ```
+ pub fn flip(self) -> Either<R, L> {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => Right(l),
+ Right(r) => Left(r),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Apply the function `f` on the value in the `Left` variant if it is present rewrapping the
+ /// result in `Left`.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<_, u32> = Left(123);
+ /// assert_eq!(left.map_left(|x| x * 2), Left(246));
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<u32, _> = Right(123);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.map_left(|x| x * 2), Right(123));
+ /// ```
+ pub fn map_left<F, M>(self, f: F) -> Either<M, R>
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(L) -> M,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => Left(f(l)),
+ Right(r) => Right(r),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Apply the function `f` on the value in the `Right` variant if it is present rewrapping the
+ /// result in `Right`.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<_, u32> = Left(123);
+ /// assert_eq!(left.map_right(|x| x * 2), Left(123));
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<u32, _> = Right(123);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.map_right(|x| x * 2), Right(246));
+ /// ```
+ pub fn map_right<F, S>(self, f: F) -> Either<L, S>
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(R) -> S,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => Left(l),
+ Right(r) => Right(f(r)),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Apply the functions `f` and `g` to the `Left` and `Right` variants
+ /// respectively. This is equivalent to
+ /// [bimap](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/bifunctors-5/docs/Data-Bifunctor.html)
+ /// in functional programming.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let f = |s: String| s.len();
+ /// let g = |u: u8| u.to_string();
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<String, u8> = Left("loopy".into());
+ /// assert_eq!(left.map_either(f, g), Left(5));
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<String, u8> = Right(42);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.map_either(f, g), Right("42".into()));
+ /// ```
+ pub fn map_either<F, G, M, S>(self, f: F, g: G) -> Either<M, S>
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(L) -> M,
+ G: FnOnce(R) -> S,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => Left(f(l)),
+ Right(r) => Right(g(r)),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Similar to [`map_either`], with an added context `ctx` accessible to
+ /// both functions.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let mut sum = 0;
+ ///
+ /// // Both closures want to update the same value, so pass it as context.
+ /// let mut f = |sum: &mut usize, s: String| { *sum += s.len(); s.to_uppercase() };
+ /// let mut g = |sum: &mut usize, u: usize| { *sum += u; u.to_string() };
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<String, usize> = Left("loopy".into());
+ /// assert_eq!(left.map_either_with(&mut sum, &mut f, &mut g), Left("LOOPY".into()));
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<String, usize> = Right(42);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.map_either_with(&mut sum, &mut f, &mut g), Right("42".into()));
+ ///
+ /// assert_eq!(sum, 47);
+ /// ```
+ pub fn map_either_with<Ctx, F, G, M, S>(self, ctx: Ctx, f: F, g: G) -> Either<M, S>
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(Ctx, L) -> M,
+ G: FnOnce(Ctx, R) -> S,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => Left(f(ctx, l)),
+ Right(r) => Right(g(ctx, r)),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Apply one of two functions depending on contents, unifying their result. If the value is
+ /// `Left(L)` then the first function `f` is applied; if it is `Right(R)` then the second
+ /// function `g` is applied.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// fn square(n: u32) -> i32 { (n * n) as i32 }
+ /// fn negate(n: i32) -> i32 { -n }
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<u32, i32> = Left(4);
+ /// assert_eq!(left.either(square, negate), 16);
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<u32, i32> = Right(-4);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.either(square, negate), 4);
+ /// ```
+ pub fn either<F, G, T>(self, f: F, g: G) -> T
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(L) -> T,
+ G: FnOnce(R) -> T,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => f(l),
+ Right(r) => g(r),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Like `either`, but provide some context to whichever of the
+ /// functions ends up being called.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// // In this example, the context is a mutable reference
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let mut result = Vec::new();
+ ///
+ /// let values = vec![Left(2), Right(2.7)];
+ ///
+ /// for value in values {
+ /// value.either_with(&mut result,
+ /// |ctx, integer| ctx.push(integer),
+ /// |ctx, real| ctx.push(f64::round(real) as i32));
+ /// }
+ ///
+ /// assert_eq!(result, vec![2, 3]);
+ /// ```
+ pub fn either_with<Ctx, F, G, T>(self, ctx: Ctx, f: F, g: G) -> T
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(Ctx, L) -> T,
+ G: FnOnce(Ctx, R) -> T,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => f(ctx, l),
+ Right(r) => g(ctx, r),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Apply the function `f` on the value in the `Left` variant if it is present.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<_, u32> = Left(123);
+ /// assert_eq!(left.left_and_then::<_,()>(|x| Right(x * 2)), Right(246));
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<u32, _> = Right(123);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.left_and_then(|x| Right::<(), _>(x * 2)), Right(123));
+ /// ```
+ pub fn left_and_then<F, S>(self, f: F) -> Either<S, R>
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(L) -> Either<S, R>,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => f(l),
+ Right(r) => Right(r),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Apply the function `f` on the value in the `Right` variant if it is present.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<_, u32> = Left(123);
+ /// assert_eq!(left.right_and_then(|x| Right(x * 2)), Left(123));
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<u32, _> = Right(123);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.right_and_then(|x| Right(x * 2)), Right(246));
+ /// ```
+ pub fn right_and_then<F, S>(self, f: F) -> Either<L, S>
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(R) -> Either<L, S>,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => Left(l),
+ Right(r) => f(r),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Convert the inner value to an iterator.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<_, Vec<u32>> = Left(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+ /// let mut right: Either<Vec<u32>, _> = Right(vec![]);
+ /// right.extend(left.into_iter());
+ /// assert_eq!(right, Right(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]));
+ /// ```
+ #[allow(clippy::should_implement_trait)]
+ pub fn into_iter(self) -> Either<L::IntoIter, R::IntoIter>
+ where
+ L: IntoIterator,
+ R: IntoIterator<Item = L::Item>,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => Left(l.into_iter()),
+ Right(r) => Right(r.into_iter()),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Return left value or given value
+ ///
+ /// Arguments passed to `left_or` are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing
+ /// the result of a function call, it is recommended to use [`left_or_else`],
+ /// which is lazily evaluated.
+ ///
+ /// [`left_or_else`]: #method.left_or_else
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<&str, &str> = Left("left");
+ /// assert_eq!(left.left_or("foo"), "left");
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<&str, &str> = Right("right");
+ /// assert_eq!(right.left_or("left"), "left");
+ /// ```
+ pub fn left_or(self, other: L) -> L {
+ match self {
+ Either::Left(l) => l,
+ Either::Right(_) => other,
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Return left or a default
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<String, u32> = Left("left".to_string());
+ /// assert_eq!(left.left_or_default(), "left");
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<String, u32> = Right(42);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.left_or_default(), String::default());
+ /// ```
+ pub fn left_or_default(self) -> L
+ where
+ L: Default,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Either::Left(l) => l,
+ Either::Right(_) => L::default(),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Returns left value or computes it from a closure
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<String, u32> = Left("3".to_string());
+ /// assert_eq!(left.left_or_else(|_| unreachable!()), "3");
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<String, u32> = Right(3);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.left_or_else(|x| x.to_string()), "3");
+ /// ```
+ pub fn left_or_else<F>(self, f: F) -> L
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(R) -> L,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Either::Left(l) => l,
+ Either::Right(r) => f(r),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Return right value or given value
+ ///
+ /// Arguments passed to `right_or` are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing
+ /// the result of a function call, it is recommended to use [`right_or_else`],
+ /// which is lazily evaluated.
+ ///
+ /// [`right_or_else`]: #method.right_or_else
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let right: Either<&str, &str> = Right("right");
+ /// assert_eq!(right.right_or("foo"), "right");
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<&str, &str> = Left("left");
+ /// assert_eq!(left.right_or("right"), "right");
+ /// ```
+ pub fn right_or(self, other: R) -> R {
+ match self {
+ Either::Left(_) => other,
+ Either::Right(r) => r,
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Return right or a default
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<String, u32> = Left("left".to_string());
+ /// assert_eq!(left.right_or_default(), u32::default());
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<String, u32> = Right(42);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.right_or_default(), 42);
+ /// ```
+ pub fn right_or_default(self) -> R
+ where
+ R: Default,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Either::Left(_) => R::default(),
+ Either::Right(r) => r,
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Returns right value or computes it from a closure
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<String, u32> = Left("3".to_string());
+ /// assert_eq!(left.right_or_else(|x| x.parse().unwrap()), 3);
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<String, u32> = Right(3);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.right_or_else(|_| unreachable!()), 3);
+ /// ```
+ pub fn right_or_else<F>(self, f: F) -> R
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(L) -> R,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Either::Left(l) => f(l),
+ Either::Right(r) => r,
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Returns the left value
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left(3);
+ /// assert_eq!(left.unwrap_left(), 3);
+ /// ```
+ ///
+ /// # Panics
+ ///
+ /// When `Either` is a `Right` value
+ ///
+ /// ```should_panic
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right(3);
+ /// right.unwrap_left();
+ /// ```
+ pub fn unwrap_left(self) -> L
+ where
+ R: core::fmt::Debug,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Either::Left(l) => l,
+ Either::Right(r) => {
+ panic!("called `Either::unwrap_left()` on a `Right` value: {:?}", r)
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Returns the right value
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right(3);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.unwrap_right(), 3);
+ /// ```
+ ///
+ /// # Panics
+ ///
+ /// When `Either` is a `Left` value
+ ///
+ /// ```should_panic
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left(3);
+ /// left.unwrap_right();
+ /// ```
+ pub fn unwrap_right(self) -> R
+ where
+ L: core::fmt::Debug,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Either::Right(r) => r,
+ Either::Left(l) => panic!("called `Either::unwrap_right()` on a `Left` value: {:?}", l),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Returns the left value
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left(3);
+ /// assert_eq!(left.expect_left("value was Right"), 3);
+ /// ```
+ ///
+ /// # Panics
+ ///
+ /// When `Either` is a `Right` value
+ ///
+ /// ```should_panic
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right(3);
+ /// right.expect_left("value was Right");
+ /// ```
+ pub fn expect_left(self, msg: &str) -> L
+ where
+ R: core::fmt::Debug,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Either::Left(l) => l,
+ Either::Right(r) => panic!("{}: {:?}", msg, r),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Returns the right value
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right(3);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.expect_right("value was Left"), 3);
+ /// ```
+ ///
+ /// # Panics
+ ///
+ /// When `Either` is a `Left` value
+ ///
+ /// ```should_panic
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left(3);
+ /// left.expect_right("value was Right");
+ /// ```
+ pub fn expect_right(self, msg: &str) -> R
+ where
+ L: core::fmt::Debug,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Either::Right(r) => r,
+ Either::Left(l) => panic!("{}: {:?}", msg, l),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Convert the contained value into `T`
+ ///
+ /// # Examples
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// # use either::*;
+ /// // Both u16 and u32 can be converted to u64.
+ /// let left: Either<u16, u32> = Left(3u16);
+ /// assert_eq!(left.either_into::<u64>(), 3u64);
+ /// let right: Either<u16, u32> = Right(7u32);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.either_into::<u64>(), 7u64);
+ /// ```
+ pub fn either_into<T>(self) -> T
+ where
+ L: Into<T>,
+ R: Into<T>,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Either::Left(l) => l.into(),
+ Either::Right(r) => r.into(),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> Either<Option<L>, Option<R>> {
+ /// Factors out `None` from an `Either` of [`Option`].
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<_, Option<String>> = Left(Some(vec![0]));
+ /// assert_eq!(left.factor_none(), Some(Left(vec![0])));
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<Option<Vec<u8>>, _> = Right(Some(String::new()));
+ /// assert_eq!(right.factor_none(), Some(Right(String::new())));
+ /// ```
+ // TODO(MSRV): doc(alias) was stabilized in Rust 1.48
+ // #[doc(alias = "transpose")]
+ pub fn factor_none(self) -> Option<Either<L, R>> {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => l.map(Either::Left),
+ Right(r) => r.map(Either::Right),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R, E> Either<Result<L, E>, Result<R, E>> {
+ /// Factors out a homogenous type from an `Either` of [`Result`].
+ ///
+ /// Here, the homogeneous type is the `Err` type of the [`Result`].
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<_, Result<String, u32>> = Left(Ok(vec![0]));
+ /// assert_eq!(left.factor_err(), Ok(Left(vec![0])));
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<Result<Vec<u8>, u32>, _> = Right(Ok(String::new()));
+ /// assert_eq!(right.factor_err(), Ok(Right(String::new())));
+ /// ```
+ // TODO(MSRV): doc(alias) was stabilized in Rust 1.48
+ // #[doc(alias = "transpose")]
+ pub fn factor_err(self) -> Result<Either<L, R>, E> {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => l.map(Either::Left),
+ Right(r) => r.map(Either::Right),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+impl<T, L, R> Either<Result<T, L>, Result<T, R>> {
+ /// Factors out a homogenous type from an `Either` of [`Result`].
+ ///
+ /// Here, the homogeneous type is the `Ok` type of the [`Result`].
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<_, Result<u32, String>> = Left(Err(vec![0]));
+ /// assert_eq!(left.factor_ok(), Err(Left(vec![0])));
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<Result<u32, Vec<u8>>, _> = Right(Err(String::new()));
+ /// assert_eq!(right.factor_ok(), Err(Right(String::new())));
+ /// ```
+ // TODO(MSRV): doc(alias) was stabilized in Rust 1.48
+ // #[doc(alias = "transpose")]
+ pub fn factor_ok(self) -> Result<T, Either<L, R>> {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => l.map_err(Either::Left),
+ Right(r) => r.map_err(Either::Right),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+impl<T, L, R> Either<(T, L), (T, R)> {
+ /// Factor out a homogeneous type from an either of pairs.
+ ///
+ /// Here, the homogeneous type is the first element of the pairs.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<_, (u32, String)> = Left((123, vec![0]));
+ /// assert_eq!(left.factor_first().0, 123);
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<(u32, Vec<u8>), _> = Right((123, String::new()));
+ /// assert_eq!(right.factor_first().0, 123);
+ /// ```
+ pub fn factor_first(self) -> (T, Either<L, R>) {
+ match self {
+ Left((t, l)) => (t, Left(l)),
+ Right((t, r)) => (t, Right(r)),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+impl<T, L, R> Either<(L, T), (R, T)> {
+ /// Factor out a homogeneous type from an either of pairs.
+ ///
+ /// Here, the homogeneous type is the second element of the pairs.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ /// let left: Either<_, (String, u32)> = Left((vec![0], 123));
+ /// assert_eq!(left.factor_second().1, 123);
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<(Vec<u8>, u32), _> = Right((String::new(), 123));
+ /// assert_eq!(right.factor_second().1, 123);
+ /// ```
+ pub fn factor_second(self) -> (Either<L, R>, T) {
+ match self {
+ Left((l, t)) => (Left(l), t),
+ Right((r, t)) => (Right(r), t),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+impl<T> Either<T, T> {
+ /// Extract the value of an either over two equivalent types.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let left: Either<_, u32> = Left(123);
+ /// assert_eq!(left.into_inner(), 123);
+ ///
+ /// let right: Either<u32, _> = Right(123);
+ /// assert_eq!(right.into_inner(), 123);
+ /// ```
+ pub fn into_inner(self) -> T {
+ for_both!(self, inner => inner)
+ }
+
+ /// Map `f` over the contained value and return the result in the
+ /// corresponding variant.
+ ///
+ /// ```
+ /// use either::*;
+ ///
+ /// let value: Either<_, i32> = Right(42);
+ ///
+ /// let other = value.map(|x| x * 2);
+ /// assert_eq!(other, Right(84));
+ /// ```
+ pub fn map<F, M>(self, f: F) -> Either<M, M>
+ where
+ F: FnOnce(T) -> M,
+ {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => Left(f(l)),
+ Right(r) => Right(f(r)),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+/// Convert from `Result` to `Either` with `Ok => Right` and `Err => Left`.
+impl<L, R> From<Result<R, L>> for Either<L, R> {
+ fn from(r: Result<R, L>) -> Self {
+ match r {
+ Err(e) => Left(e),
+ Ok(o) => Right(o),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+/// Convert from `Either` to `Result` with `Right => Ok` and `Left => Err`.
+#[allow(clippy::from_over_into)] // From requires RFC 2451, Rust 1.41
+impl<L, R> Into<Result<R, L>> for Either<L, R> {
+ fn into(self) -> Result<R, L> {
+ match self {
+ Left(l) => Err(l),
+ Right(r) => Ok(r),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R, A> Extend<A> for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: Extend<A>,
+ R: Extend<A>,
+{
+ fn extend<T>(&mut self, iter: T)
+ where
+ T: IntoIterator<Item = A>,
+ {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.extend(iter))
+ }
+}
+
+/// `Either<L, R>` is an iterator if both `L` and `R` are iterators.
+impl<L, R> Iterator for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: Iterator,
+ R: Iterator<Item = L::Item>,
+{
+ type Item = L::Item;
+
+ fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.next())
+ }
+
+ fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+ for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.size_hint())
+ }
+
+ fn fold<Acc, G>(self, init: Acc, f: G) -> Acc
+ where
+ G: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+ {
+ for_both!(self, inner => inner.fold(init, f))
+ }
+
+ fn for_each<F>(self, f: F)
+ where
+ F: FnMut(Self::Item),
+ {
+ for_both!(self, inner => inner.for_each(f))
+ }
+
+ fn count(self) -> usize {
+ for_both!(self, inner => inner.count())
+ }
+
+ fn last(self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+ for_both!(self, inner => inner.last())
+ }
+
+ fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.nth(n))
+ }
+
+ fn collect<B>(self) -> B
+ where
+ B: iter::FromIterator<Self::Item>,
+ {
+ for_both!(self, inner => inner.collect())
+ }
+
+ fn partition<B, F>(self, f: F) -> (B, B)
+ where
+ B: Default + Extend<Self::Item>,
+ F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+ {
+ for_both!(self, inner => inner.partition(f))
+ }
+
+ fn all<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool
+ where
+ F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
+ {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.all(f))
+ }
+
+ fn any<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool
+ where
+ F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
+ {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.any(f))
+ }
+
+ fn find<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>
+ where
+ P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+ {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.find(predicate))
+ }
+
+ fn find_map<B, F>(&mut self, f: F) -> Option<B>
+ where
+ F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Option<B>,
+ {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.find_map(f))
+ }
+
+ fn position<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<usize>
+ where
+ P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
+ {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.position(predicate))
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> DoubleEndedIterator for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: DoubleEndedIterator,
+ R: DoubleEndedIterator<Item = L::Item>,
+{
+ fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.next_back())
+ }
+
+ // TODO(MSRV): This was stabilized in Rust 1.37
+ // fn nth_back(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+ // for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.nth_back(n))
+ // }
+
+ fn rfold<Acc, G>(self, init: Acc, f: G) -> Acc
+ where
+ G: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+ {
+ for_both!(self, inner => inner.rfold(init, f))
+ }
+
+ fn rfind<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>
+ where
+ P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+ {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.rfind(predicate))
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> ExactSizeIterator for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: ExactSizeIterator,
+ R: ExactSizeIterator<Item = L::Item>,
+{
+ fn len(&self) -> usize {
+ for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.len())
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> iter::FusedIterator for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: iter::FusedIterator,
+ R: iter::FusedIterator<Item = L::Item>,
+{
+}
+
+/// `Either<L, R>` is a future if both `L` and `R` are futures.
+impl<L, R> Future for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: Future,
+ R: Future<Output = L::Output>,
+{
+ type Output = L::Output;
+
+ fn poll(
+ self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+ cx: &mut core::task::Context<'_>,
+ ) -> core::task::Poll<Self::Output> {
+ for_both!(self.as_pin_mut(), inner => inner.poll(cx))
+ }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+/// `Either<L, R>` implements `Read` if both `L` and `R` do.
+///
+/// Requires crate feature `"use_std"`
+impl<L, R> Read for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: Read,
+ R: Read,
+{
+ fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.read(buf))
+ }
+
+ fn read_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.read_exact(buf))
+ }
+
+ fn read_to_end(&mut self, buf: &mut std::vec::Vec<u8>) -> io::Result<usize> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.read_to_end(buf))
+ }
+
+ fn read_to_string(&mut self, buf: &mut std::string::String) -> io::Result<usize> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.read_to_string(buf))
+ }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+/// `Either<L, R>` implements `Seek` if both `L` and `R` do.
+///
+/// Requires crate feature `"use_std"`
+impl<L, R> Seek for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: Seek,
+ R: Seek,
+{
+ fn seek(&mut self, pos: SeekFrom) -> io::Result<u64> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.seek(pos))
+ }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+/// Requires crate feature `"use_std"`
+impl<L, R> BufRead for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: BufRead,
+ R: BufRead,
+{
+ fn fill_buf(&mut self) -> io::Result<&[u8]> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.fill_buf())
+ }
+
+ fn consume(&mut self, amt: usize) {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.consume(amt))
+ }
+
+ fn read_until(&mut self, byte: u8, buf: &mut std::vec::Vec<u8>) -> io::Result<usize> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.read_until(byte, buf))
+ }
+
+ fn read_line(&mut self, buf: &mut std::string::String) -> io::Result<usize> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.read_line(buf))
+ }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+/// `Either<L, R>` implements `Write` if both `L` and `R` do.
+///
+/// Requires crate feature `"use_std"`
+impl<L, R> Write for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: Write,
+ R: Write,
+{
+ fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.write(buf))
+ }
+
+ fn write_all(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.write_all(buf))
+ }
+
+ fn write_fmt(&mut self, fmt: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> io::Result<()> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.write_fmt(fmt))
+ }
+
+ fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.flush())
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R, Target> AsRef<Target> for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: AsRef<Target>,
+ R: AsRef<Target>,
+{
+ fn as_ref(&self) -> &Target {
+ for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.as_ref())
+ }
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_specific_ref_and_mut {
+ ($t:ty, $($attr:meta),* ) => {
+ $(#[$attr])*
+ impl<L, R> AsRef<$t> for Either<L, R>
+ where L: AsRef<$t>, R: AsRef<$t>
+ {
+ fn as_ref(&self) -> &$t {
+ for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.as_ref())
+ }
+ }
+
+ $(#[$attr])*
+ impl<L, R> AsMut<$t> for Either<L, R>
+ where L: AsMut<$t>, R: AsMut<$t>
+ {
+ fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut $t {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.as_mut())
+ }
+ }
+ };
+}
+
+impl_specific_ref_and_mut!(str,);
+impl_specific_ref_and_mut!(
+ ::std::path::Path,
+ cfg(feature = "use_std"),
+ doc = "Requires crate feature `use_std`."
+);
+impl_specific_ref_and_mut!(
+ ::std::ffi::OsStr,
+ cfg(feature = "use_std"),
+ doc = "Requires crate feature `use_std`."
+);
+impl_specific_ref_and_mut!(
+ ::std::ffi::CStr,
+ cfg(feature = "use_std"),
+ doc = "Requires crate feature `use_std`."
+);
+
+impl<L, R, Target> AsRef<[Target]> for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: AsRef<[Target]>,
+ R: AsRef<[Target]>,
+{
+ fn as_ref(&self) -> &[Target] {
+ for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.as_ref())
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R, Target> AsMut<Target> for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: AsMut<Target>,
+ R: AsMut<Target>,
+{
+ fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Target {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.as_mut())
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R, Target> AsMut<[Target]> for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: AsMut<[Target]>,
+ R: AsMut<[Target]>,
+{
+ fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [Target] {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.as_mut())
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> Deref for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: Deref,
+ R: Deref<Target = L::Target>,
+{
+ type Target = L::Target;
+
+ fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+ for_both!(*self, ref inner => &**inner)
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> DerefMut for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: DerefMut,
+ R: DerefMut<Target = L::Target>,
+{
+ fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+ for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => &mut *inner)
+ }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+/// `Either` implements `Error` if *both* `L` and `R` implement it.
+impl<L, R> Error for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: Error,
+ R: Error,
+{
+ fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.source())
+ }
+
+ #[allow(deprecated)]
+ fn description(&self) -> &str {
+ for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.description())
+ }
+
+ #[allow(deprecated)]
+ fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error> {
+ for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.cause())
+ }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> fmt::Display for Either<L, R>
+where
+ L: fmt::Display,
+ R: fmt::Display,
+{
+ fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+ for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.fmt(f))
+ }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+ let mut e = Left(2);
+ let r = Right(2);
+ assert_eq!(e, Left(2));
+ e = r;
+ assert_eq!(e, Right(2));
+ assert_eq!(e.left(), None);
+ assert_eq!(e.right(), Some(2));
+ assert_eq!(e.as_ref().right(), Some(&2));
+ assert_eq!(e.as_mut().right(), Some(&mut 2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn macros() {
+ use std::string::String;
+
+ fn a() -> Either<u32, u32> {
+ let x: u32 = try_left!(Right(1337u32));
+ Left(x * 2)
+ }
+ assert_eq!(a(), Right(1337));
+
+ fn b() -> Either<String, &'static str> {
+ Right(try_right!(Left("foo bar")))
+ }
+ assert_eq!(b(), Left(String::from("foo bar")));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn deref() {
+ use std::string::String;
+
+ fn is_str(_: &str) {}
+ let value: Either<String, &str> = Left(String::from("test"));
+ is_str(&*value);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn iter() {
+ let x = 3;
+ let mut iter = match x {
+ 3 => Left(0..10),
+ _ => Right(17..),
+ };
+
+ assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(0));
+ assert_eq!(iter.count(), 9);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn seek() {
+ use std::io;
+
+ let use_empty = false;
+ let mut mockdata = [0x00; 256];
+ for i in 0..256 {
+ mockdata[i] = i as u8;
+ }
+
+ let mut reader = if use_empty {
+ // Empty didn't impl Seek until Rust 1.51
+ Left(io::Cursor::new([]))
+ } else {
+ Right(io::Cursor::new(&mockdata[..]))
+ };
+
+ let mut buf = [0u8; 16];
+ assert_eq!(reader.read(&mut buf).unwrap(), buf.len());
+ assert_eq!(buf, mockdata[..buf.len()]);
+
+ // the first read should advance the cursor and return the next 16 bytes thus the `ne`
+ assert_eq!(reader.read(&mut buf).unwrap(), buf.len());
+ assert_ne!(buf, mockdata[..buf.len()]);
+
+ // if the seek operation fails it should read 16..31 instead of 0..15
+ reader.seek(io::SeekFrom::Start(0)).unwrap();
+ assert_eq!(reader.read(&mut buf).unwrap(), buf.len());
+ assert_eq!(buf, mockdata[..buf.len()]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn read_write() {
+ use std::io;
+
+ let use_stdio = false;
+ let mockdata = [0xff; 256];
+
+ let mut reader = if use_stdio {
+ Left(io::stdin())
+ } else {
+ Right(&mockdata[..])
+ };
+
+ let mut buf = [0u8; 16];
+ assert_eq!(reader.read(&mut buf).unwrap(), buf.len());
+ assert_eq!(&buf, &mockdata[..buf.len()]);
+
+ let mut mockbuf = [0u8; 256];
+ let mut writer = if use_stdio {
+ Left(io::stdout())
+ } else {
+ Right(&mut mockbuf[..])
+ };
+
+ let buf = [1u8; 16];
+ assert_eq!(writer.write(&buf).unwrap(), buf.len());
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+fn error() {
+ let invalid_utf8 = b"\xff";
+ let res = if let Err(error) = ::std::str::from_utf8(invalid_utf8) {
+ Err(Left(error))
+ } else if let Err(error) = "x".parse::<i32>() {
+ Err(Right(error))
+ } else {
+ Ok(())
+ };
+ assert!(res.is_err());
+ res.unwrap_err().description(); // make sure this can be called
+}
+
+/// A helper macro to check if AsRef and AsMut are implemented for a given type.
+macro_rules! check_t {
+ ($t:ty) => {{
+ fn check_ref<T: AsRef<$t>>() {}
+ fn propagate_ref<T1: AsRef<$t>, T2: AsRef<$t>>() {
+ check_ref::<Either<T1, T2>>()
+ }
+ fn check_mut<T: AsMut<$t>>() {}
+ fn propagate_mut<T1: AsMut<$t>, T2: AsMut<$t>>() {
+ check_mut::<Either<T1, T2>>()
+ }
+ }};
+}
+
+// This "unused" method is here to ensure that compilation doesn't fail on given types.
+fn _unsized_ref_propagation() {
+ check_t!(str);
+
+ fn check_array_ref<T: AsRef<[Item]>, Item>() {}
+ fn check_array_mut<T: AsMut<[Item]>, Item>() {}
+
+ fn propagate_array_ref<T1: AsRef<[Item]>, T2: AsRef<[Item]>, Item>() {
+ check_array_ref::<Either<T1, T2>, _>()
+ }
+
+ fn propagate_array_mut<T1: AsMut<[Item]>, T2: AsMut<[Item]>, Item>() {
+ check_array_mut::<Either<T1, T2>, _>()
+ }
+}
+
+// This "unused" method is here to ensure that compilation doesn't fail on given types.
+#[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+fn _unsized_std_propagation() {
+ check_t!(::std::path::Path);
+ check_t!(::std::ffi::OsStr);
+ check_t!(::std::ffi::CStr);
+}
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