Initial vendor packages

Signed-off-by: Valentin Popov <valentin@popov.link>

1 files changed, 1386 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/vendor/num-integer/src/lib.rs b/vendor/num-integer/src/lib.rs
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+// Copyright 2013-2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
+// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
+// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+//! Integer trait and functions.
+//!
+//! ## Compatibility
+//!
+//! The `num-integer` crate is tested for rustc 1.8 and greater.
+
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/num-integer/0.1")]
+#![no_std]
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+extern crate std;
+
+extern crate num_traits as traits;
+
+use core::mem;
+use core::ops::Add;
+
+use traits::{Num, Signed, Zero};
+
+mod roots;
+pub use roots::Roots;
+pub use roots::{cbrt, nth_root, sqrt};
+
+mod average;
+pub use average::Average;
+pub use average::{average_ceil, average_floor};
+
+pub trait Integer: Sized + Num + PartialOrd + Ord + Eq {
+    /// Floored integer division.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert!(( 8).div_floor(& 3) ==  2);
+    /// assert!(( 8).div_floor(&-3) == -3);
+    /// assert!((-8).div_floor(& 3) == -3);
+    /// assert!((-8).div_floor(&-3) ==  2);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(( 1).div_floor(& 2) ==  0);
+    /// assert!(( 1).div_floor(&-2) == -1);
+    /// assert!((-1).div_floor(& 2) == -1);
+    /// assert!((-1).div_floor(&-2) ==  0);
+    /// ~~~
+    fn div_floor(&self, other: &Self) -> Self;
+
+    /// Floored integer modulo, satisfying:
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// # let n = 1; let d = 1;
+    /// assert!(n.div_floor(&d) * d + n.mod_floor(&d) == n)
+    /// ~~~
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert!(( 8).mod_floor(& 3) ==  2);
+    /// assert!(( 8).mod_floor(&-3) == -1);
+    /// assert!((-8).mod_floor(& 3) ==  1);
+    /// assert!((-8).mod_floor(&-3) == -2);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(( 1).mod_floor(& 2) ==  1);
+    /// assert!(( 1).mod_floor(&-2) == -1);
+    /// assert!((-1).mod_floor(& 2) ==  1);
+    /// assert!((-1).mod_floor(&-2) == -1);
+    /// ~~~
+    fn mod_floor(&self, other: &Self) -> Self;
+
+    /// Ceiled integer division.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert_eq!(( 8).div_ceil( &3),  3);
+    /// assert_eq!(( 8).div_ceil(&-3), -2);
+    /// assert_eq!((-8).div_ceil( &3), -2);
+    /// assert_eq!((-8).div_ceil(&-3),  3);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(( 1).div_ceil( &2), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(( 1).div_ceil(&-2), 0);
+    /// assert_eq!((-1).div_ceil( &2), 0);
+    /// assert_eq!((-1).div_ceil(&-2), 1);
+    /// ~~~
+    fn div_ceil(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+        let (q, r) = self.div_mod_floor(other);
+        if r.is_zero() {
+            q
+        } else {
+            q + Self::one()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Greatest Common Divisor (GCD).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert_eq!(6.gcd(&8), 2);
+    /// assert_eq!(7.gcd(&3), 1);
+    /// ~~~
+    fn gcd(&self, other: &Self) -> Self;
+
+    /// Lowest Common Multiple (LCM).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert_eq!(7.lcm(&3), 21);
+    /// assert_eq!(2.lcm(&4), 4);
+    /// assert_eq!(0.lcm(&0), 0);
+    /// ~~~
+    fn lcm(&self, other: &Self) -> Self;
+
+    /// Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) and
+    /// Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) together.
+    ///
+    /// Potentially more efficient than calling `gcd` and `lcm`
+    /// individually for identical inputs.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert_eq!(10.gcd_lcm(&4), (2, 20));
+    /// assert_eq!(8.gcd_lcm(&9), (1, 72));
+    /// ~~~
+    #[inline]
+    fn gcd_lcm(&self, other: &Self) -> (Self, Self) {
+        (self.gcd(other), self.lcm(other))
+    }
+
+    /// Greatest common divisor and Bézout coefficients.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # extern crate num_integer;
+    /// # extern crate num_traits;
+    /// # fn main() {
+    /// # use num_integer::{ExtendedGcd, Integer};
+    /// # use num_traits::NumAssign;
+    /// fn check<A: Copy + Integer + NumAssign>(a: A, b: A) -> bool {
+    ///     let ExtendedGcd { gcd, x, y, .. } = a.extended_gcd(&b);
+    ///     gcd == x * a + y * b
+    /// }
+    /// assert!(check(10isize, 4isize));
+    /// assert!(check(8isize,  9isize));
+    /// # }
+    /// ~~~
+    #[inline]
+    fn extended_gcd(&self, other: &Self) -> ExtendedGcd<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Clone,
+    {
+        let mut s = (Self::zero(), Self::one());
+        let mut t = (Self::one(), Self::zero());
+        let mut r = (other.clone(), self.clone());
+
+        while !r.0.is_zero() {
+            let q = r.1.clone() / r.0.clone();
+            let f = |mut r: (Self, Self)| {
+                mem::swap(&mut r.0, &mut r.1);
+                r.0 = r.0 - q.clone() * r.1.clone();
+                r
+            };
+            r = f(r);
+            s = f(s);
+            t = f(t);
+        }
+
+        if r.1 >= Self::zero() {
+            ExtendedGcd {
+                gcd: r.1,
+                x: s.1,
+                y: t.1,
+            }
+        } else {
+            ExtendedGcd {
+                gcd: Self::zero() - r.1,
+                x: Self::zero() - s.1,
+                y: Self::zero() - t.1,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Greatest common divisor, least common multiple, and Bézout coefficients.
+    #[inline]
+    fn extended_gcd_lcm(&self, other: &Self) -> (ExtendedGcd<Self>, Self)
+    where
+        Self: Clone + Signed,
+    {
+        (self.extended_gcd(other), self.lcm(other))
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated, use `is_multiple_of` instead.
+    fn divides(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Returns `true` if `self` is a multiple of `other`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert_eq!(9.is_multiple_of(&3), true);
+    /// assert_eq!(3.is_multiple_of(&9), false);
+    /// ~~~
+    fn is_multiple_of(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the number is even.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert_eq!(3.is_even(), false);
+    /// assert_eq!(4.is_even(), true);
+    /// ~~~
+    fn is_even(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the number is odd.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert_eq!(3.is_odd(), true);
+    /// assert_eq!(4.is_odd(), false);
+    /// ~~~
+    fn is_odd(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Simultaneous truncated integer division and modulus.
+    /// Returns `(quotient, remainder)`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert_eq!(( 8).div_rem( &3), ( 2,  2));
+    /// assert_eq!(( 8).div_rem(&-3), (-2,  2));
+    /// assert_eq!((-8).div_rem( &3), (-2, -2));
+    /// assert_eq!((-8).div_rem(&-3), ( 2, -2));
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(( 1).div_rem( &2), ( 0,  1));
+    /// assert_eq!(( 1).div_rem(&-2), ( 0,  1));
+    /// assert_eq!((-1).div_rem( &2), ( 0, -1));
+    /// assert_eq!((-1).div_rem(&-2), ( 0, -1));
+    /// ~~~
+    fn div_rem(&self, other: &Self) -> (Self, Self);
+
+    /// Simultaneous floored integer division and modulus.
+    /// Returns `(quotient, remainder)`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert_eq!(( 8).div_mod_floor( &3), ( 2,  2));
+    /// assert_eq!(( 8).div_mod_floor(&-3), (-3, -1));
+    /// assert_eq!((-8).div_mod_floor( &3), (-3,  1));
+    /// assert_eq!((-8).div_mod_floor(&-3), ( 2, -2));
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(( 1).div_mod_floor( &2), ( 0,  1));
+    /// assert_eq!(( 1).div_mod_floor(&-2), (-1, -1));
+    /// assert_eq!((-1).div_mod_floor( &2), (-1,  1));
+    /// assert_eq!((-1).div_mod_floor(&-2), ( 0, -1));
+    /// ~~~
+    fn div_mod_floor(&self, other: &Self) -> (Self, Self) {
+        (self.div_floor(other), self.mod_floor(other))
+    }
+
+    /// Rounds up to nearest multiple of argument.
+    ///
+    /// # Notes
+    ///
+    /// For signed types, `a.next_multiple_of(b) = a.prev_multiple_of(b.neg())`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert_eq!(( 16).next_multiple_of(& 8),  16);
+    /// assert_eq!(( 23).next_multiple_of(& 8),  24);
+    /// assert_eq!(( 16).next_multiple_of(&-8),  16);
+    /// assert_eq!(( 23).next_multiple_of(&-8),  16);
+    /// assert_eq!((-16).next_multiple_of(& 8), -16);
+    /// assert_eq!((-23).next_multiple_of(& 8), -16);
+    /// assert_eq!((-16).next_multiple_of(&-8), -16);
+    /// assert_eq!((-23).next_multiple_of(&-8), -24);
+    /// ~~~
+    #[inline]
+    fn next_multiple_of(&self, other: &Self) -> Self
+    where
+        Self: Clone,
+    {
+        let m = self.mod_floor(other);
+        self.clone()
+            + if m.is_zero() {
+                Self::zero()
+            } else {
+                other.clone() - m
+            }
+    }
+
+    /// Rounds down to nearest multiple of argument.
+    ///
+    /// # Notes
+    ///
+    /// For signed types, `a.prev_multiple_of(b) = a.next_multiple_of(b.neg())`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ~~~
+    /// # use num_integer::Integer;
+    /// assert_eq!(( 16).prev_multiple_of(& 8),  16);
+    /// assert_eq!(( 23).prev_multiple_of(& 8),  16);
+    /// assert_eq!(( 16).prev_multiple_of(&-8),  16);
+    /// assert_eq!(( 23).prev_multiple_of(&-8),  24);
+    /// assert_eq!((-16).prev_multiple_of(& 8), -16);
+    /// assert_eq!((-23).prev_multiple_of(& 8), -24);
+    /// assert_eq!((-16).prev_multiple_of(&-8), -16);
+    /// assert_eq!((-23).prev_multiple_of(&-8), -16);
+    /// ~~~
+    #[inline]
+    fn prev_multiple_of(&self, other: &Self) -> Self
+    where
+        Self: Clone,
+    {
+        self.clone() - self.mod_floor(other)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Greatest common divisor and Bézout coefficients
+///
+/// ```no_build
+/// let e = isize::extended_gcd(a, b);
+/// assert_eq!(e.gcd, e.x*a + e.y*b);
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ExtendedGcd<A> {
+    pub gcd: A,
+    pub x: A,
+    pub y: A,
+}
+
+/// Simultaneous integer division and modulus
+#[inline]
+pub fn div_rem<T: Integer>(x: T, y: T) -> (T, T) {
+    x.div_rem(&y)
+}
+/// Floored integer division
+#[inline]
+pub fn div_floor<T: Integer>(x: T, y: T) -> T {
+    x.div_floor(&y)
+}
+/// Floored integer modulus
+#[inline]
+pub fn mod_floor<T: Integer>(x: T, y: T) -> T {
+    x.mod_floor(&y)
+}
+/// Simultaneous floored integer division and modulus
+#[inline]
+pub fn div_mod_floor<T: Integer>(x: T, y: T) -> (T, T) {
+    x.div_mod_floor(&y)
+}
+/// Ceiled integer division
+#[inline]
+pub fn div_ceil<T: Integer>(x: T, y: T) -> T {
+    x.div_ceil(&y)
+}
+
+/// Calculates the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of the number and `other`. The
+/// result is always non-negative.
+#[inline(always)]
+pub fn gcd<T: Integer>(x: T, y: T) -> T {
+    x.gcd(&y)
+}
+/// Calculates the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of the number and `other`.
+#[inline(always)]
+pub fn lcm<T: Integer>(x: T, y: T) -> T {
+    x.lcm(&y)
+}
+
+/// Calculates the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) and
+/// Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of the number and `other`.
+#[inline(always)]
+pub fn gcd_lcm<T: Integer>(x: T, y: T) -> (T, T) {
+    x.gcd_lcm(&y)
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_integer_for_isize {
+    ($T:ty, $test_mod:ident) => {
+        impl Integer for $T {
+            /// Floored integer division
+            #[inline]
+            fn div_floor(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+                // Algorithm from [Daan Leijen. _Division and Modulus for Computer Scientists_,
+                // December 2001](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/151917/divmodnote-letter.pdf)
+                let (d, r) = self.div_rem(other);
+                if (r > 0 && *other < 0) || (r < 0 && *other > 0) {
+                    d - 1
+                } else {
+                    d
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// Floored integer modulo
+            #[inline]
+            fn mod_floor(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+                // Algorithm from [Daan Leijen. _Division and Modulus for Computer Scientists_,
+                // December 2001](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/151917/divmodnote-letter.pdf)
+                let r = *self % *other;
+                if (r > 0 && *other < 0) || (r < 0 && *other > 0) {
+                    r + *other
+                } else {
+                    r
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// Calculates `div_floor` and `mod_floor` simultaneously
+            #[inline]
+            fn div_mod_floor(&self, other: &Self) -> (Self, Self) {
+                // Algorithm from [Daan Leijen. _Division and Modulus for Computer Scientists_,
+                // December 2001](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/151917/divmodnote-letter.pdf)
+                let (d, r) = self.div_rem(other);
+                if (r > 0 && *other < 0) || (r < 0 && *other > 0) {
+                    (d - 1, r + *other)
+                } else {
+                    (d, r)
+                }
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            fn div_ceil(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+                let (d, r) = self.div_rem(other);
+                if (r > 0 && *other > 0) || (r < 0 && *other < 0) {
+                    d + 1
+                } else {
+                    d
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// Calculates the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of the number and
+            /// `other`. The result is always non-negative.
+            #[inline]
+            fn gcd(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+                // Use Stein's algorithm
+                let mut m = *self;
+                let mut n = *other;
+                if m == 0 || n == 0 {
+                    return (m | n).abs();
+                }
+
+                // find common factors of 2
+                let shift = (m | n).trailing_zeros();
+
+                // The algorithm needs positive numbers, but the minimum value
+                // can't be represented as a positive one.
+                // It's also a power of two, so the gcd can be
+                // calculated by bitshifting in that case
+
+                // Assuming two's complement, the number created by the shift
+                // is positive for all numbers except gcd = abs(min value)
+                // The call to .abs() causes a panic in debug mode
+                if m == Self::min_value() || n == Self::min_value() {
+                    return (1 << shift).abs();
+                }
+
+                // guaranteed to be positive now, rest like unsigned algorithm
+                m = m.abs();
+                n = n.abs();
+
+                // divide n and m by 2 until odd
+                m >>= m.trailing_zeros();
+                n >>= n.trailing_zeros();
+
+                while m != n {
+                    if m > n {
+                        m -= n;
+                        m >>= m.trailing_zeros();
+                    } else {
+                        n -= m;
+                        n >>= n.trailing_zeros();
+                    }
+                }
+                m << shift
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            fn extended_gcd_lcm(&self, other: &Self) -> (ExtendedGcd<Self>, Self) {
+                let egcd = self.extended_gcd(other);
+                // should not have to recalculate abs
+                let lcm = if egcd.gcd.is_zero() {
+                    Self::zero()
+                } else {
+                    (*self * (*other / egcd.gcd)).abs()
+                };
+                (egcd, lcm)
+            }
+
+            /// Calculates the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of the number and
+            /// `other`.
+            #[inline]
+            fn lcm(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+                self.gcd_lcm(other).1
+            }
+
+            /// Calculates the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) and
+            /// Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of the number and `other`.
+            #[inline]
+            fn gcd_lcm(&self, other: &Self) -> (Self, Self) {
+                if self.is_zero() && other.is_zero() {
+                    return (Self::zero(), Self::zero());
+                }
+                let gcd = self.gcd(other);
+                // should not have to recalculate abs
+                let lcm = (*self * (*other / gcd)).abs();
+                (gcd, lcm)
+            }
+
+            /// Deprecated, use `is_multiple_of` instead.
+            #[inline]
+            fn divides(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+                self.is_multiple_of(other)
+            }
+
+            /// Returns `true` if the number is a multiple of `other`.
+            #[inline]
+            fn is_multiple_of(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+                if other.is_zero() {
+                    return self.is_zero();
+                }
+                *self % *other == 0
+            }
+
+            /// Returns `true` if the number is divisible by `2`
+            #[inline]
+            fn is_even(&self) -> bool {
+                (*self) & 1 == 0
+            }
+
+            /// Returns `true` if the number is not divisible by `2`
+            #[inline]
+            fn is_odd(&self) -> bool {
+                !self.is_even()
+            }
+
+            /// Simultaneous truncated integer division and modulus.
+            #[inline]
+            fn div_rem(&self, other: &Self) -> (Self, Self) {
+                (*self / *other, *self % *other)
+            }
+
+            /// Rounds up to nearest multiple of argument.
+            #[inline]
+            fn next_multiple_of(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+                // Avoid the overflow of `MIN % -1`
+                if *other == -1 {
+                    return *self;
+                }
+
+                let m = Integer::mod_floor(self, other);
+                *self + if m == 0 { 0 } else { other - m }
+            }
+
+            /// Rounds down to nearest multiple of argument.
+            #[inline]
+            fn prev_multiple_of(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+                // Avoid the overflow of `MIN % -1`
+                if *other == -1 {
+                    return *self;
+                }
+
+                *self - Integer::mod_floor(self, other)
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        mod $test_mod {
+            use core::mem;
+            use Integer;
+
+            /// Checks that the division rule holds for:
+            ///
+            /// - `n`: numerator (dividend)
+            /// - `d`: denominator (divisor)
+            /// - `qr`: quotient and remainder
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            fn test_division_rule((n, d): ($T, $T), (q, r): ($T, $T)) {
+                assert_eq!(d * q + r, n);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_div_rem() {
+                fn test_nd_dr(nd: ($T, $T), qr: ($T, $T)) {
+                    let (n, d) = nd;
+                    let separate_div_rem = (n / d, n % d);
+                    let combined_div_rem = n.div_rem(&d);
+
+                    assert_eq!(separate_div_rem, qr);
+                    assert_eq!(combined_div_rem, qr);
+
+                    test_division_rule(nd, separate_div_rem);
+                    test_division_rule(nd, combined_div_rem);
+                }
+
+                test_nd_dr((8, 3), (2, 2));
+                test_nd_dr((8, -3), (-2, 2));
+                test_nd_dr((-8, 3), (-2, -2));
+                test_nd_dr((-8, -3), (2, -2));
+
+                test_nd_dr((1, 2), (0, 1));
+                test_nd_dr((1, -2), (0, 1));
+                test_nd_dr((-1, 2), (0, -1));
+                test_nd_dr((-1, -2), (0, -1));
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_div_mod_floor() {
+                fn test_nd_dm(nd: ($T, $T), dm: ($T, $T)) {
+                    let (n, d) = nd;
+                    let separate_div_mod_floor =
+                        (Integer::div_floor(&n, &d), Integer::mod_floor(&n, &d));
+                    let combined_div_mod_floor = Integer::div_mod_floor(&n, &d);
+
+                    assert_eq!(separate_div_mod_floor, dm);
+                    assert_eq!(combined_div_mod_floor, dm);
+
+                    test_division_rule(nd, separate_div_mod_floor);
+                    test_division_rule(nd, combined_div_mod_floor);
+                }
+
+                test_nd_dm((8, 3), (2, 2));
+                test_nd_dm((8, -3), (-3, -1));
+                test_nd_dm((-8, 3), (-3, 1));
+                test_nd_dm((-8, -3), (2, -2));
+
+                test_nd_dm((1, 2), (0, 1));
+                test_nd_dm((1, -2), (-1, -1));
+                test_nd_dm((-1, 2), (-1, 1));
+                test_nd_dm((-1, -2), (0, -1));
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_gcd() {
+                assert_eq!((10 as $T).gcd(&2), 2 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((10 as $T).gcd(&3), 1 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((0 as $T).gcd(&3), 3 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((3 as $T).gcd(&3), 3 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((56 as $T).gcd(&42), 14 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((3 as $T).gcd(&-3), 3 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((-6 as $T).gcd(&3), 3 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((-4 as $T).gcd(&-2), 2 as $T);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_gcd_cmp_with_euclidean() {
+                fn euclidean_gcd(mut m: $T, mut n: $T) -> $T {
+                    while m != 0 {
+                        mem::swap(&mut m, &mut n);
+                        m %= n;
+                    }
+
+                    n.abs()
+                }
+
+                // gcd(-128, b) = 128 is not representable as positive value
+                // for i8
+                for i in -127..127 {
+                    for j in -127..127 {
+                        assert_eq!(euclidean_gcd(i, j), i.gcd(&j));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // last value
+                // FIXME: Use inclusive ranges for above loop when implemented
+                let i = 127;
+                for j in -127..127 {
+                    assert_eq!(euclidean_gcd(i, j), i.gcd(&j));
+                }
+                assert_eq!(127.gcd(&127), 127);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_gcd_min_val() {
+                let min = <$T>::min_value();
+                let max = <$T>::max_value();
+                let max_pow2 = max / 2 + 1;
+                assert_eq!(min.gcd(&max), 1 as $T);
+                assert_eq!(max.gcd(&min), 1 as $T);
+                assert_eq!(min.gcd(&max_pow2), max_pow2);
+                assert_eq!(max_pow2.gcd(&min), max_pow2);
+                assert_eq!(min.gcd(&42), 2 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((42 as $T).gcd(&min), 2 as $T);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            #[should_panic]
+            fn test_gcd_min_val_min_val() {
+                let min = <$T>::min_value();
+                assert!(min.gcd(&min) >= 0);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            #[should_panic]
+            fn test_gcd_min_val_0() {
+                let min = <$T>::min_value();
+                assert!(min.gcd(&0) >= 0);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            #[should_panic]
+            fn test_gcd_0_min_val() {
+                let min = <$T>::min_value();
+                assert!((0 as $T).gcd(&min) >= 0);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_lcm() {
+                assert_eq!((1 as $T).lcm(&0), 0 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((0 as $T).lcm(&1), 0 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((1 as $T).lcm(&1), 1 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((-1 as $T).lcm(&1), 1 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((1 as $T).lcm(&-1), 1 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((-1 as $T).lcm(&-1), 1 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((8 as $T).lcm(&9), 72 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((11 as $T).lcm(&5), 55 as $T);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_gcd_lcm() {
+                use core::iter::once;
+                for i in once(0)
+                    .chain((1..).take(127).flat_map(|a| once(a).chain(once(-a))))
+                    .chain(once(-128))
+                {
+                    for j in once(0)
+                        .chain((1..).take(127).flat_map(|a| once(a).chain(once(-a))))
+                        .chain(once(-128))
+                    {
+                        assert_eq!(i.gcd_lcm(&j), (i.gcd(&j), i.lcm(&j)));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_extended_gcd_lcm() {
+                use core::fmt::Debug;
+                use traits::NumAssign;
+                use ExtendedGcd;
+
+                fn check<A: Copy + Debug + Integer + NumAssign>(a: A, b: A) {
+                    let ExtendedGcd { gcd, x, y, .. } = a.extended_gcd(&b);
+                    assert_eq!(gcd, x * a + y * b);
+                }
+
+                use core::iter::once;
+                for i in once(0)
+                    .chain((1..).take(127).flat_map(|a| once(a).chain(once(-a))))
+                    .chain(once(-128))
+                {
+                    for j in once(0)
+                        .chain((1..).take(127).flat_map(|a| once(a).chain(once(-a))))
+                        .chain(once(-128))
+                    {
+                        check(i, j);
+                        let (ExtendedGcd { gcd, .. }, lcm) = i.extended_gcd_lcm(&j);
+                        assert_eq!((gcd, lcm), (i.gcd(&j), i.lcm(&j)));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_even() {
+                assert_eq!((-4 as $T).is_even(), true);
+                assert_eq!((-3 as $T).is_even(), false);
+                assert_eq!((-2 as $T).is_even(), true);
+                assert_eq!((-1 as $T).is_even(), false);
+                assert_eq!((0 as $T).is_even(), true);
+                assert_eq!((1 as $T).is_even(), false);
+                assert_eq!((2 as $T).is_even(), true);
+                assert_eq!((3 as $T).is_even(), false);
+                assert_eq!((4 as $T).is_even(), true);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_odd() {
+                assert_eq!((-4 as $T).is_odd(), false);
+                assert_eq!((-3 as $T).is_odd(), true);
+                assert_eq!((-2 as $T).is_odd(), false);
+                assert_eq!((-1 as $T).is_odd(), true);
+                assert_eq!((0 as $T).is_odd(), false);
+                assert_eq!((1 as $T).is_odd(), true);
+                assert_eq!((2 as $T).is_odd(), false);
+                assert_eq!((3 as $T).is_odd(), true);
+                assert_eq!((4 as $T).is_odd(), false);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_multiple_of_one_limits() {
+                for x in &[<$T>::min_value(), <$T>::max_value()] {
+                    for one in &[1, -1] {
+                        assert_eq!(Integer::next_multiple_of(x, one), *x);
+                        assert_eq!(Integer::prev_multiple_of(x, one), *x);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl_integer_for_isize!(i8, test_integer_i8);
+impl_integer_for_isize!(i16, test_integer_i16);
+impl_integer_for_isize!(i32, test_integer_i32);
+impl_integer_for_isize!(i64, test_integer_i64);
+impl_integer_for_isize!(isize, test_integer_isize);
+#[cfg(has_i128)]
+impl_integer_for_isize!(i128, test_integer_i128);
+
+macro_rules! impl_integer_for_usize {
+    ($T:ty, $test_mod:ident) => {
+        impl Integer for $T {
+            /// Unsigned integer division. Returns the same result as `div` (`/`).
+            #[inline]
+            fn div_floor(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+                *self / *other
+            }
+
+            /// Unsigned integer modulo operation. Returns the same result as `rem` (`%`).
+            #[inline]
+            fn mod_floor(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+                *self % *other
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            fn div_ceil(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+                *self / *other + (0 != *self % *other) as Self
+            }
+
+            /// Calculates the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of the number and `other`
+            #[inline]
+            fn gcd(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+                // Use Stein's algorithm
+                let mut m = *self;
+                let mut n = *other;
+                if m == 0 || n == 0 {
+                    return m | n;
+                }
+
+                // find common factors of 2
+                let shift = (m | n).trailing_zeros();
+
+                // divide n and m by 2 until odd
+                m >>= m.trailing_zeros();
+                n >>= n.trailing_zeros();
+
+                while m != n {
+                    if m > n {
+                        m -= n;
+                        m >>= m.trailing_zeros();
+                    } else {
+                        n -= m;
+                        n >>= n.trailing_zeros();
+                    }
+                }
+                m << shift
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            fn extended_gcd_lcm(&self, other: &Self) -> (ExtendedGcd<Self>, Self) {
+                let egcd = self.extended_gcd(other);
+                // should not have to recalculate abs
+                let lcm = if egcd.gcd.is_zero() {
+                    Self::zero()
+                } else {
+                    *self * (*other / egcd.gcd)
+                };
+                (egcd, lcm)
+            }
+
+            /// Calculates the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of the number and `other`.
+            #[inline]
+            fn lcm(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
+                self.gcd_lcm(other).1
+            }
+
+            /// Calculates the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) and
+            /// Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of the number and `other`.
+            #[inline]
+            fn gcd_lcm(&self, other: &Self) -> (Self, Self) {
+                if self.is_zero() && other.is_zero() {
+                    return (Self::zero(), Self::zero());
+                }
+                let gcd = self.gcd(other);
+                let lcm = *self * (*other / gcd);
+                (gcd, lcm)
+            }
+
+            /// Deprecated, use `is_multiple_of` instead.
+            #[inline]
+            fn divides(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+                self.is_multiple_of(other)
+            }
+
+            /// Returns `true` if the number is a multiple of `other`.
+            #[inline]
+            fn is_multiple_of(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+                if other.is_zero() {
+                    return self.is_zero();
+                }
+                *self % *other == 0
+            }
+
+            /// Returns `true` if the number is divisible by `2`.
+            #[inline]
+            fn is_even(&self) -> bool {
+                *self % 2 == 0
+            }
+
+            /// Returns `true` if the number is not divisible by `2`.
+            #[inline]
+            fn is_odd(&self) -> bool {
+                !self.is_even()
+            }
+
+            /// Simultaneous truncated integer division and modulus.
+            #[inline]
+            fn div_rem(&self, other: &Self) -> (Self, Self) {
+                (*self / *other, *self % *other)
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        mod $test_mod {
+            use core::mem;
+            use Integer;
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_div_mod_floor() {
+                assert_eq!(<$T as Integer>::div_floor(&10, &3), 3 as $T);
+                assert_eq!(<$T as Integer>::mod_floor(&10, &3), 1 as $T);
+                assert_eq!(<$T as Integer>::div_mod_floor(&10, &3), (3 as $T, 1 as $T));
+                assert_eq!(<$T as Integer>::div_floor(&5, &5), 1 as $T);
+                assert_eq!(<$T as Integer>::mod_floor(&5, &5), 0 as $T);
+                assert_eq!(<$T as Integer>::div_mod_floor(&5, &5), (1 as $T, 0 as $T));
+                assert_eq!(<$T as Integer>::div_floor(&3, &7), 0 as $T);
+                assert_eq!(<$T as Integer>::div_floor(&3, &7), 0 as $T);
+                assert_eq!(<$T as Integer>::mod_floor(&3, &7), 3 as $T);
+                assert_eq!(<$T as Integer>::div_mod_floor(&3, &7), (0 as $T, 3 as $T));
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_gcd() {
+                assert_eq!((10 as $T).gcd(&2), 2 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((10 as $T).gcd(&3), 1 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((0 as $T).gcd(&3), 3 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((3 as $T).gcd(&3), 3 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((56 as $T).gcd(&42), 14 as $T);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_gcd_cmp_with_euclidean() {
+                fn euclidean_gcd(mut m: $T, mut n: $T) -> $T {
+                    while m != 0 {
+                        mem::swap(&mut m, &mut n);
+                        m %= n;
+                    }
+                    n
+                }
+
+                for i in 0..255 {
+                    for j in 0..255 {
+                        assert_eq!(euclidean_gcd(i, j), i.gcd(&j));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // last value
+                // FIXME: Use inclusive ranges for above loop when implemented
+                let i = 255;
+                for j in 0..255 {
+                    assert_eq!(euclidean_gcd(i, j), i.gcd(&j));
+                }
+                assert_eq!(255.gcd(&255), 255);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_lcm() {
+                assert_eq!((1 as $T).lcm(&0), 0 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((0 as $T).lcm(&1), 0 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((1 as $T).lcm(&1), 1 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((8 as $T).lcm(&9), 72 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((11 as $T).lcm(&5), 55 as $T);
+                assert_eq!((15 as $T).lcm(&17), 255 as $T);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_gcd_lcm() {
+                for i in (0..).take(256) {
+                    for j in (0..).take(256) {
+                        assert_eq!(i.gcd_lcm(&j), (i.gcd(&j), i.lcm(&j)));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_is_multiple_of() {
+                assert!((0 as $T).is_multiple_of(&(0 as $T)));
+                assert!((6 as $T).is_multiple_of(&(6 as $T)));
+                assert!((6 as $T).is_multiple_of(&(3 as $T)));
+                assert!((6 as $T).is_multiple_of(&(1 as $T)));
+
+                assert!(!(42 as $T).is_multiple_of(&(5 as $T)));
+                assert!(!(5 as $T).is_multiple_of(&(3 as $T)));
+                assert!(!(42 as $T).is_multiple_of(&(0 as $T)));
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_even() {
+                assert_eq!((0 as $T).is_even(), true);
+                assert_eq!((1 as $T).is_even(), false);
+                assert_eq!((2 as $T).is_even(), true);
+                assert_eq!((3 as $T).is_even(), false);
+                assert_eq!((4 as $T).is_even(), true);
+            }
+
+            #[test]
+            fn test_odd() {
+                assert_eq!((0 as $T).is_odd(), false);
+                assert_eq!((1 as $T).is_odd(), true);
+                assert_eq!((2 as $T).is_odd(), false);
+                assert_eq!((3 as $T).is_odd(), true);
+                assert_eq!((4 as $T).is_odd(), false);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl_integer_for_usize!(u8, test_integer_u8);
+impl_integer_for_usize!(u16, test_integer_u16);
+impl_integer_for_usize!(u32, test_integer_u32);
+impl_integer_for_usize!(u64, test_integer_u64);
+impl_integer_for_usize!(usize, test_integer_usize);
+#[cfg(has_i128)]
+impl_integer_for_usize!(u128, test_integer_u128);
+
+/// An iterator over binomial coefficients.
+pub struct IterBinomial<T> {
+    a: T,
+    n: T,
+    k: T,
+}
+
+impl<T> IterBinomial<T>
+where
+    T: Integer,
+{
+    /// For a given n, iterate over all binomial coefficients binomial(n, k), for k=0...n.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this might overflow, depending on `T`. For the primitive
+    /// integer types, the following n are the largest ones for which there will
+    /// be no overflow:
+    ///
+    /// type | n
+    /// -----|---
+    /// u8   | 10
+    /// i8   |  9
+    /// u16  | 18
+    /// i16  | 17
+    /// u32  | 34
+    /// i32  | 33
+    /// u64  | 67
+    /// i64  | 66
+    ///
+    /// For larger n, `T` should be a bigint type.
+    pub fn new(n: T) -> IterBinomial<T> {
+        IterBinomial {
+            k: T::zero(),
+            a: T::one(),
+            n: n,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Iterator for IterBinomial<T>
+where
+    T: Integer + Clone,
+{
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        if self.k > self.n {
+            return None;
+        }
+        self.a = if !self.k.is_zero() {
+            multiply_and_divide(
+                self.a.clone(),
+                self.n.clone() - self.k.clone() + T::one(),
+                self.k.clone(),
+            )
+        } else {
+            T::one()
+        };
+        self.k = self.k.clone() + T::one();
+        Some(self.a.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Calculate r * a / b, avoiding overflows and fractions.
+///
+/// Assumes that b divides r * a evenly.
+fn multiply_and_divide<T: Integer + Clone>(r: T, a: T, b: T) -> T {
+    // See http://blog.plover.com/math/choose-2.html for the idea.
+    let g = gcd(r.clone(), b.clone());
+    r / g.clone() * (a / (b / g))
+}
+
+/// Calculate the binomial coefficient.
+///
+/// Note that this might overflow, depending on `T`. For the primitive integer
+/// types, the following n are the largest ones possible such that there will
+/// be no overflow for any k:
+///
+/// type | n
+/// -----|---
+/// u8   | 10
+/// i8   |  9
+/// u16  | 18
+/// i16  | 17
+/// u32  | 34
+/// i32  | 33
+/// u64  | 67
+/// i64  | 66
+///
+/// For larger n, consider using a bigint type for `T`.
+pub fn binomial<T: Integer + Clone>(mut n: T, k: T) -> T {
+    // See http://blog.plover.com/math/choose.html for the idea.
+    if k > n {
+        return T::zero();
+    }
+    if k > n.clone() - k.clone() {
+        return binomial(n.clone(), n - k);
+    }
+    let mut r = T::one();
+    let mut d = T::one();
+    loop {
+        if d > k {
+            break;
+        }
+        r = multiply_and_divide(r, n.clone(), d.clone());
+        n = n - T::one();
+        d = d + T::one();
+    }
+    r
+}
+
+/// Calculate the multinomial coefficient.
+pub fn multinomial<T: Integer + Clone>(k: &[T]) -> T
+where
+    for<'a> T: Add<&'a T, Output = T>,
+{
+    let mut r = T::one();
+    let mut p = T::zero();
+    for i in k {
+        p = p + i;
+        r = r * binomial(p.clone(), i.clone());
+    }
+    r
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_lcm_overflow() {
+    macro_rules! check {
+        ($t:ty, $x:expr, $y:expr, $r:expr) => {{
+            let x: $t = $x;
+            let y: $t = $y;
+            let o = x.checked_mul(y);
+            assert!(
+                o.is_none(),
+                "sanity checking that {} input {} * {} overflows",
+                stringify!($t),
+                x,
+                y
+            );
+            assert_eq!(x.lcm(&y), $r);
+            assert_eq!(y.lcm(&x), $r);
+        }};
+    }
+
+    // Original bug (Issue #166)
+    check!(i64, 46656000000000000, 600, 46656000000000000);
+
+    check!(i8, 0x40, 0x04, 0x40);
+    check!(u8, 0x80, 0x02, 0x80);
+    check!(i16, 0x40_00, 0x04, 0x40_00);
+    check!(u16, 0x80_00, 0x02, 0x80_00);
+    check!(i32, 0x4000_0000, 0x04, 0x4000_0000);
+    check!(u32, 0x8000_0000, 0x02, 0x8000_0000);
+    check!(i64, 0x4000_0000_0000_0000, 0x04, 0x4000_0000_0000_0000);
+    check!(u64, 0x8000_0000_0000_0000, 0x02, 0x8000_0000_0000_0000);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_iter_binomial() {
+    macro_rules! check_simple {
+        ($t:ty) => {{
+            let n: $t = 3;
+            let expected = [1, 3, 3, 1];
+            for (b, &e) in IterBinomial::new(n).zip(&expected) {
+                assert_eq!(b, e);
+            }
+        }};
+    }
+
+    check_simple!(u8);
+    check_simple!(i8);
+    check_simple!(u16);
+    check_simple!(i16);
+    check_simple!(u32);
+    check_simple!(i32);
+    check_simple!(u64);
+    check_simple!(i64);
+
+    macro_rules! check_binomial {
+        ($t:ty, $n:expr) => {{
+            let n: $t = $n;
+            let mut k: $t = 0;
+            for b in IterBinomial::new(n) {
+                assert_eq!(b, binomial(n, k));
+                k += 1;
+            }
+        }};
+    }
+
+    // Check the largest n for which there is no overflow.
+    check_binomial!(u8, 10);
+    check_binomial!(i8, 9);
+    check_binomial!(u16, 18);
+    check_binomial!(i16, 17);
+    check_binomial!(u32, 34);
+    check_binomial!(i32, 33);
+    check_binomial!(u64, 67);
+    check_binomial!(i64, 66);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binomial() {
+    macro_rules! check {
+        ($t:ty, $x:expr, $y:expr, $r:expr) => {{
+            let x: $t = $x;
+            let y: $t = $y;
+            let expected: $t = $r;
+            assert_eq!(binomial(x, y), expected);
+            if y <= x {
+                assert_eq!(binomial(x, x - y), expected);
+            }
+        }};
+    }
+    check!(u8, 9, 4, 126);
+    check!(u8, 0, 0, 1);
+    check!(u8, 2, 3, 0);
+
+    check!(i8, 9, 4, 126);
+    check!(i8, 0, 0, 1);
+    check!(i8, 2, 3, 0);
+
+    check!(u16, 100, 2, 4950);
+    check!(u16, 14, 4, 1001);
+    check!(u16, 0, 0, 1);
+    check!(u16, 2, 3, 0);
+
+    check!(i16, 100, 2, 4950);
+    check!(i16, 14, 4, 1001);
+    check!(i16, 0, 0, 1);
+    check!(i16, 2, 3, 0);
+
+    check!(u32, 100, 2, 4950);
+    check!(u32, 35, 11, 417225900);
+    check!(u32, 14, 4, 1001);
+    check!(u32, 0, 0, 1);
+    check!(u32, 2, 3, 0);
+
+    check!(i32, 100, 2, 4950);
+    check!(i32, 35, 11, 417225900);
+    check!(i32, 14, 4, 1001);
+    check!(i32, 0, 0, 1);
+    check!(i32, 2, 3, 0);
+
+    check!(u64, 100, 2, 4950);
+    check!(u64, 35, 11, 417225900);
+    check!(u64, 14, 4, 1001);
+    check!(u64, 0, 0, 1);
+    check!(u64, 2, 3, 0);
+
+    check!(i64, 100, 2, 4950);
+    check!(i64, 35, 11, 417225900);
+    check!(i64, 14, 4, 1001);
+    check!(i64, 0, 0, 1);
+    check!(i64, 2, 3, 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multinomial() {
+    macro_rules! check_binomial {
+        ($t:ty, $k:expr) => {{
+            let n: $t = $k.iter().fold(0, |acc, &x| acc + x);
+            let k: &[$t] = $k;
+            assert_eq!(k.len(), 2);
+            assert_eq!(multinomial(k), binomial(n, k[0]));
+        }};
+    }
+
+    check_binomial!(u8, &[4, 5]);
+
+    check_binomial!(i8, &[4, 5]);
+
+    check_binomial!(u16, &[2, 98]);
+    check_binomial!(u16, &[4, 10]);
+
+    check_binomial!(i16, &[2, 98]);
+    check_binomial!(i16, &[4, 10]);
+
+    check_binomial!(u32, &[2, 98]);
+    check_binomial!(u32, &[11, 24]);
+    check_binomial!(u32, &[4, 10]);
+
+    check_binomial!(i32, &[2, 98]);
+    check_binomial!(i32, &[11, 24]);
+    check_binomial!(i32, &[4, 10]);
+
+    check_binomial!(u64, &[2, 98]);
+    check_binomial!(u64, &[11, 24]);
+    check_binomial!(u64, &[4, 10]);
+
+    check_binomial!(i64, &[2, 98]);
+    check_binomial!(i64, &[11, 24]);
+    check_binomial!(i64, &[4, 10]);
+
+    macro_rules! check_multinomial {
+        ($t:ty, $k:expr, $r:expr) => {{
+            let k: &[$t] = $k;
+            let expected: $t = $r;
+            assert_eq!(multinomial(k), expected);
+        }};
+    }
+
+    check_multinomial!(u8, &[2, 1, 2], 30);
+    check_multinomial!(u8, &[2, 3, 0], 10);
+
+    check_multinomial!(i8, &[2, 1, 2], 30);
+    check_multinomial!(i8, &[2, 3, 0], 10);
+
+    check_multinomial!(u16, &[2, 1, 2], 30);
+    check_multinomial!(u16, &[2, 3, 0], 10);
+
+    check_multinomial!(i16, &[2, 1, 2], 30);
+    check_multinomial!(i16, &[2, 3, 0], 10);
+
+    check_multinomial!(u32, &[2, 1, 2], 30);
+    check_multinomial!(u32, &[2, 3, 0], 10);
+
+    check_multinomial!(i32, &[2, 1, 2], 30);
+    check_multinomial!(i32, &[2, 3, 0], 10);
+
+    check_multinomial!(u64, &[2, 1, 2], 30);
+    check_multinomial!(u64, &[2, 3, 0], 10);
+
+    check_multinomial!(i64, &[2, 1, 2], 30);
+    check_multinomial!(i64, &[2, 3, 0], 10);
+
+    check_multinomial!(u64, &[], 1);
+    check_multinomial!(u64, &[0], 1);
+    check_multinomial!(u64, &[12345], 1);
+}